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if^UtJITED STATES OF AMERICA.^! 



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THE 



FRENCH SPEAKEE 



AN EASY AND AGREEABLE METHOD 

OF ACQUIRING A 

GRAMMITICAL AND SPEAKING KNOWLEDGI 



OF THE 



FRENCH LANGUAGE. 



FIRST EDITION. 



BY FRAjVCIS butler, 

Teacher & Translator of Languages.— Author of the "Spanish Teacher.* 



NEW-YORK : ' 

PUBLISHED BY FRANCIS BUTLEB, 

205 WATEK-STREET. ^ ^ % O 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by 
FEANCIS KUTLER, 
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States 
for the Southern District of New-York. 




D. FANSHAW, 

PlilNTER AND 8TERE0TYPEK, 

85 Ann-sti'eet, corner of Nassau. 






♦■^ .• I 



* \ 



A I 









INTRODUCTION. 



How long would it take me to speak French? 
is a question very commonly asked, but very 
seldom satisfactorily answered. I always an- 
swered it, by assuring my pupils that after the 
third or fourth lesson they could^ should, ivould, 
and mitst speah French, were it ever so little or 
ever so poor. Many, whom I now would address, 
already know a little of the French language, 
may translate i:olerably well, but dare not begin 
to speah^ lest they miglit be laughed at ; thus 
defeating the object of language^ which is speech^ 
simply through the modest fear of soimding ridi- 
culous. Does a child wait to make known his 
numeroiis wants, until he is fully equipped with 
pronouncing dictionary, declensions, conjuga- 
tions, and syntax! yet, how seldom is he mis- 
understood, and how rapidly, while boldly en- 
deavoring to express his own thoughts, does 
he clench the ideas of others. What a task would 
it not be for him to forget what he had seen^ 
heard and repeated. I shall be very famJliar 



4 INTRODUCTION. 

with yon, gentle reader, (for which I crave yonr 
forbearance,) becanse in stndying a foreign lan- 
guage, I wish yon to look upon yourself as a 
child^ to begin to learn like a child^ to be as in- 
quisitive^ and study as carelessly (if you please) 
as a child, and not to be afraid of speaking like 
a child; but let it be all in French. My object 
is not exactly to make you a French scholar, but 
to show you exactly^ how you may read^ write^ 
and speak grammatically in Frejich^ presenting 
to you the simplest method of traveling on- 
ward, by learning easily, retaining what you 
do learn and turning it to immediate account. 
While thousands are poring distractedly over 
the works of renowned French Historians, Philo- 
sophers, and Metaphysicians, I shall lead you 
quietly into the noisy street, the market, the store, 
the counting-house, the garden, the parlor, the 
kitchen, &c. where you may pry into the Philoso- 
phy of active life, and enter into its details in 
French, After you shall have almost impercepti- 
hly (though not silently) rendered yourself tho- 
roughly conversant with the routine of ordinary 
affairs, you will be the better fitted (should such 
haply be your taste) to dive fearlessly into the 
merits of Poets, Historians, Philosophers, and 
Divines. 



PREFACE. 



Tlie object of this worh is to demonstrate^ thai 
much that is supposed to be difficult, is in fad 
easy; tliai what is very easily learned^ is very 
hard to forget; Utat if our owti language has been 
acquired wiUiout toil or study ^ we may aUo become 
naturalized to another by tJie same antedeluvian 
method. 

As you carelessly view o.j\d /-c-cc Nty simple 
pages^ {as you do tJiousands of other objects in your 
daily travels^ and as all tilings become Frenchified 
around you^ I doubt not you will gradually wed 
yourself to my belief tliat masses of knowledge, 
and moujitains of experience may be acquired with 
little application or sacrifice of time. 



TO THE LEARNER. 



The progi'ess we make in the study of a fo- 
reign language mainly depends on ourselves; 
not so much on our exertions, as on our making 
capital of leisure-intervals to catch here a little 
and there a little. lie who speaks a foreign lan- 
guage is far more deeply indebted to himself 
than to his /eac//er. The learner is the builder, 
the teacher the architect. A page of French cer- 
tainly does look puzzling, and a conversation in 
French^ how ridiculous it sounds! So would a 
steam-car appear to a New-Zealander. We na- 
turally imagine to be difl&cult, what we do not 
understand ; but I assure you, it is with a foreign 
language as with anything else; the principal 
reason of its appearing difficult, is because we 
don't understand it. Machinery, the most com- 
plicated to the eye of the uninitiated, is soon 
proved to be simple, and often what seems to 
us to be Greth^ turns out as clear as the king's 
English. To become thoroughly versed in a Ian 



8 TOTIIELEARNER. 

guage, I must admit to be a Avork of time and 
stiidj^ Few (comparatively speaking) liave a 
thorough knowledge of their own ; yet all ap- 
pear to know enough to serve tlieir tarri^ and 
envy not their neighbors. If we wish to make 
an}' thing, we first of all ascertain its com[;onent 
parts, and then put them together to the best 
of our ability. Now the French language is 
not such a strange incomprehensible mixture 
as you may imagine it, neither does it contain 
many sounds unknown in our own. By a little 
attention to the rules of sound, the forniation 
and construction of sentences, you will soon be 
enabled to express yourself in your own words^ 
should your f.dse modesty not forbid the at- 
tempt. I should like you to keep this book in 
your pocket, and look at it erery day a Utile ; read 
it through, then begin again, as many times as 
you think proper. Jf you get puzzled, go on, 
and look at the sore spots on jouv return. By 
walking through the streets of a large city, we 
soon recognize all its public buildings, streets, 
parks, markets, squares, leading stores, public 
conveyances, &c. till gradually its lanes and al- 
leys, ins and outs, apple- vendors and cliesnut- 
roasters become as familiar to us as A. b. a 
This has been learned without application, stu- 



TO THE LEARNER. 9 

dy or extra time, and we can^t forget it at any 
price ; so is it with a language. AVe familia- 
rize ourselves with it, by the same means; the 
objects Ale behold, soon tell their own names, 
and the names present the objects spoken of; 
thus indelibly impressing it on our memories 
without any effort of our own. Do not infer 
from these remarks, that I am averse to your 
studying. If you have time, why not devote it 
to the acqu.isition of useful knowledge? I sim* 
ply mean and guarantee, that you may acquire 
sufficient knowledge of the French language, to 
understand well and to make yourself thorough- 
ly understood,^ without devoting any stated time 
to its study, but by adding a little to your stock 
$very day. An excellent plan is to join in small 
classes, companies, societies, or even pairs for 
conversation in i^'re/ic/^, where nothing but French 
should be spoken at stated periods. In this way 
(as in Germany) whole families become tho- 
roughly familiarized to the French language, the 
one instructing the other, alid each continually 
varying and adding to his own stock. I forget 
exactly what proportion of a wliole language is 
absolutely necessary for ordinary conversation 
and intercourse ; it is decidedly small, but that 
small proportion is easy to master, and once ac- 



10 TO THE LEARNER. 

quired, is a key to tlie wliole. Therefore let not 
a large dictionary discourage you. You can 
make a good dinner, without tasting of all the 
choice viands spread before you, There are 
numerous ways of expressing the same ideas; 
you require but one ; but, while you sijeak out 
your one, you will call out another and another^ 
be corrected and instructed by the responses of 
others. Read a little^ compose a little^ pronounce 
a little^ speak a little^ and think a little now and 
then, and often, and cease to doubt that you can 
acquire a foreign language as easily as any other 
child. Do not expect to find the whole language 
in my little book ; but from this, I expect you to 
dig out enough to enable yon (and that speedily) 
to read, write, and speak grammatically, aiid all 
in French. 



TESTIMONIALS. 



The following extracts are selected from a pile of 
Testimonials in my possession, not from any motive of 
pride, but simply as an introduction to those who may 
honor me with their patronage. 

From Charles King, Esq. President of Columbia College^ 
New- York, 
" Having known Mr. Francis Butler for several years, 
and from his having been in my fomily as an instructor 
both of English and French, I am enabled to say that 
he is a competent and trustworthy teacher, and, as such, 
recommend him to others." 

From the Rev. C. H. IVilliamson, Rector of the French 
Church of St. Sauveur, New- York.. 
"It is with pleasure, that from the personal knowledge 
I have of Mr. F. Builer, and especially from the recom- 
mendation given to me of him by a friend, in whom I 
have great confidence, T do hereby solicit, in behalf of the 
said Mr. B. the patronage of all w^ho may need in their 
schools and families a good and trustworthy teacher of the 
French language, on whose correct teaching and pronun- 
ciation they may rely. 

From the Rev. John Ford^ of Parsippany, N. Jersey, 
"My impressions of i\rr. Butler are entirely favorable. 
I attended one examination of his students at Mr. Fair- 



Xll TESTIMONIALS. 

child's school, and their improvement in grammatical and 
idiomatic attainments, and also in conversation, certainly 
was very creditable, not only to themselves, but to the 
competency and fidelity of their instructor." 

From the Rev. Samuel H. Cox, Brooklyn, L. I. 
"I am well acquainted with the above gentleman, the 
Rev. John Ford, and consider him an excellent judge in 
the matter of which he writes ; himself a scholar in all 
languages, and in French particularly accomplished.''^ 

From Mr. Ezra Fairchild, Principal of the Flushing In^ 
slilute, Long Island. 
" Mr. Butler is teaching the French language in my 
school. I employed him at the instance of one of my for- 
mer students, who had accidentally and fortunately become 
his pupil. My expectations were high ; he has met them." 

From Mr. J. G. Nuttman, Elizahethtown, N. J. PrincU 
pal of Select School, 
"I consider Mr. Butler eminently qualified for his pro- 
fession as a French Teacher. Flis method of instruction 
is peculiarly suited for those who desire to speak the 
French language with ease and accuracy." 

From Monsieur Montigny, Elizahethtown, iV. X 
[Translation.] 
" I hereby certify, that Mr. Butler has many pupils, 
who not only read perfectly well our best authors, but 
who speak our language with correctness and facility." 



CONTENTS. 



Introduction, Page 3 

Preface, 5 

To tlie Learner, 7 

Testimonials, 11 

Alphabet, with pronunciation, 15 

Exceptions to Alphabetical Sounds, 13 

French Vowels, - 21 

Simple Sounds, 22 

Nasal Sounds, . 23 

Compound Vowel Sounds, 24 

Of Accents, 25 

Of what is the French Lansrnage Composed, 27 

Explanation of the Parts of Speech, 28 

Articles, 81 

Of Nouns 33 

Of the Genders of Nouns, .84 

Words ending in E A'ute, 36 

Table, showing tiie rules of Gender of Nouns, 41 

Exceptions to rules of Gender terminations not in E mute, . . 42 
Table of Nouns, both masculine and . feminine, according to their 

siL^iilications, 43 

Of Pronouns, 48 

Of the Adjective, 53 

Conjugation of tire verb avoir, to have, 56 

Conjugation of the verb etn-, to be, 59 

Of Auxiliary and Compound Tenses, 60 

Examples of Compound Tenses, 62 

Conjugation of the verb Y avoir, there to be, 64 

Eemarks on the use of Tenses, ........ 65 

Of the termination of Tenses, 63 

Kules for the Conjugation of verbs, 71 

■ First regular Conjugation ending in er, . . , . . .76 
First Con] ligation, conjugated v>itb a variety of verbs, ... 78 

Second R<'gular Conj ligation ending in ir, * 79 

Third Conjugation ending in oir, " 81 

Fourth Conjugation ending in re, .83 

Of reflected or personal verbs, 84 

Irregular verbs, Alphabetical List, . , • S7 

Conjugation of all Irregular Verbs, First Conjugation, ... 94 

'* " '• Second < onjugation, . . . 96 

** " " Third Conjugation, . . ,109 

" " " Fourth Conjugation, . . 120 

Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases, . . . . . . . 802 

Past Participles, SOT 

Prepositions, . . . . * 808 

Conjunctions, 809 

Interjections, 810 



14 CONTENTS, 

Numbers, Page 14T 

Months, 149 

Days of the Week, 149 

Times and Seasons, 150 

Meats and Drinks, 151 

House and its Parts, 154 

Table and Kitchen Utensils, 155 

Of Furniture, «&;c. 156 

Clothing, &c 158 

Of the City and its buildings, • . 163 

Of Parentage, 164 

Of Trades and Professions, 166 

Christian names, * . . . , . 169 

Names of Countries, .171 

Of business, 173 

Of the country, , . . , , ,174 

Of Animals, 175 

Grain and Vegetables, 178 

Fruits and Trees, 179 

Useful Adjectives, Alphabetical list, 180 

Of Verbs, 188 

Attention! 207 

Spring, 209 

Bummer, ....*.. 210 

Autumn, 212 

Winter, 213 

Of the hour, 215 

Breakfast, 217 

Dinner, 220 

Health, 226 

Of the weather, "... 228 

Getting up, . . 280 

Going to bed, 232 

Of the French Language, 285 

An hundred questions, 244 

A walk in Broadway, 251 

At the Tai'or's, „ 255 

Sentence showing peculiarities of Idiom and construction, • . 258 

Detached sentences, 270 

Exaraplesof the appropriate use of tenses, 284 

Negative Sentences, ' 290 

Sundries 291 

Proverl ial Expressions, 294 

Attention, 297 

Pronunciation Lesson and Translation, 800 



ALPHABET WITH PEONUNCIATION 

CONTAINING ONLY 

SIMPLE OR ALPHABETICAL SOUNDS. 



A, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q, r, b, 
t, u, V, w, X, y, z, pronounced as follows : 

Ah, bay, say, day, eh, ef, djay, ash, e, djee, kah, 
el, em, en, oh, pay, q*, airr, ess, tay, u* vay, doobl 
vay, icks, e grec, zed. 

The above alphabetic sounds are about as near, 
I believe, as they can be given by English letters, 
(without further explanation,) but by the following 
explanations I hope they will be clearly explained, 

A, ah, sounded like a in the word father. 

B, bay, the same sound as in English. 

C, say, as in English. 

Ch, has the same sound as sh, 

D, day, as in English. 

E, eh, sounded like e in the word fed, varying a 
little according to accent ; of which we shall speak 
hereai'ter. 

F, ef, same sound as in English. 

* This sound cannot be ^iven without explanation, but 
will be easily understood as you proceed. 



16 ALPHABET ^YITB. PRONUNCIATION. 

G, before a o it as in Engiisli ; before e and ?', like 
the 5 is sounded in the v/ords pleasure, treasure, 

H, ash J generally has no sound, or is mute. It is 
called aspirated, when the vowel, in the article pre- 
ceding, is not cut off, and mute when it is. When 
mute, for le hoimne, we say Vhoimne, when aspirated, 
we say le heros. The h is' never aspirated harshly, 
as in English. 

I, e, when simple, is pronounced very like the 
English e, but softer. 

J, in all positions, has the same sound as the 
French g before e and ?, or like the 5 in the English 
words pleasure, treasure, 

K, does not properly belong to the French lan- 
guage, but when found is pronounced the same as 
in English. 

L, el, when simple or alphabetical, has the same 
sound as in English. 

M, em, same sound as in English. 

N5 en, same sound as in English. 

O, pronounced like oh ! a little deeper when the 
circumfiex accent is over it. 

P, pay, same sound as in English. 

Q, except at the end of a word, is always fol- 
lowed by u, and has the sound of k\ 

E. airre, an Irishman will not find it difficult to 
pronounce this letter; when sounded, it is always 
rolled, and varies in force according to position ; at 



ALPHABET WITH PRONUNCIATION. 17 

the beginning of a word, or after a consona' t which 
beo^ins a word, or v^hen double, it has a 1 I'd roll. 
Ex, hriserj rascr^ hoiirreaii. When neither at the be- 
ginning of a word, nor double, nor before a iinal e 
mute, it is softer yet. Ex, tirer^ diirer, I^efore e 
mute final it is still softer, and pronounced very 
lightly. Ex, maitre, and at the end of d word ter 
minating in er, it is generally mute, Ei(\ parlet^y 
aimer, &c. 

S. ess, at the beginning of a word, or ir' double, 
has the same sound as the s in the word sh' - ; and 
when between two vowels is sounded like : l3 Eng 
lish z. Ending a word before a vowel, mu c. 

T, tai/, when sounded, is the same as ir I iglish, 
but is mute at the end of a word, not foil: 1 by a 
vowel. 

Uy is rather a difficult sound to ar English 
tongue; but by pressing the lips closely, u -^ drying 
to pronounce tea, you will pronounce it nearlj right. 
In some parts of England and Ireland the oa. in 9/ou 
is pronounced just as the French u. It i- only an 
English e tightly pressed between the lips. 

y, vajj, the same sound as in English. 

W, doohlc'vaif. Not strictly belonging to the 
French language, but v/hen found in a foreign word 
is generally pronounced as in English. 

X, iks, generally the same sound as in 1 lish. 

Y, egrec, sounds like the French i wheii a vowel ; 
2* 



18 EXCEPTIONS TO THE 

when d consonant the same as in English in yeasty 
ydl^ yacht, 

Z, zee^ the same sound as in English ; hut mute at 
the end of a word, not followed by a vowel. 



Exceptions to tlie foregoing Alphabetical Sounds. 

A« is silent in the vvoj-ds, saone, iaon, aoinsle, aoiUj 
whic!) are pronounced o,y, s5ne, ion^ orisle. 

B, is silent in pIo7nb, aplomb, and is pronounced in 
Caleh^ Jnh^ Jacob. 

C. lias the sound of tlie hard g in the word seo/nd, and 
is sil-iit in almanac, broc, bianc, dec. estomac^ Irani., raOaj, 
jonc. f anc ; unless followed by a vowel or h ninle wnen 
it has he sound of k ; but it is always heard in lac, bee, ha» 
mac, ■liec. 

C'h has the sound of k in archange, oixlii episcopal, 
chre/i^ ■■! chaos, cliersuntse, clulidoine, chccur, Michel- Ange, 
orches. >e. 

I) it tlie end of a word and followed by a vowel, has 
i^^ene^ ■ :y the sound of t : tin grand ane, vn grand liomme, 

r ;:vs ihe sound of a (ah) in indemniser, ftmme, soien- 
nel, h'-nir. 

Y\ :-> mute in the following noiin^ wnen m the plural, 
or fe-i wnd by an adjective ov dclerminative, dcs a:vfs fVais, 
du bi f sale, nn chf d'oeuvre, also in clff. Wiien al the 
end* I \ford followed by anothei- word beoinm'ng with 
a vo\ . :, it has the sound of v. Ex. neu/enfans, &c. 



FOREGOING ALTnABETICAL SOU^^)S. 19 

G, is siient in doi^t, simg, poin^, ran^, etang, hareugy 
legs, iiiubouro:", parpain^, vin^t, except when the g is fol- 
lowed by a word beginnhi^ with a vowel, or h mute. Ex. 
sa7ig inipur ; in which case it has the sound of A". It liaa 
the sound of the English letters n y m win you, m tho 
words Prognj, gnostlque, strf^/vation, pre^?zation. 

L, the final I is mute when pi-eceded by i. Ex. outiZ, 
fusi/, bari/, cheni/, sourci/, peisi/, genti/; but lias the 
mouille, or liquid sound (as in the word William) in /of- 
mille, [il/e. peril, soIeiL ceil, orgucil, griL cil, ecveil, tcureuil; 
but it is natu!-al in Achille, xille, jputril, pupille^ imbccilley 
tranquille, mille. 

M, is silent in aulomne, damner, cnndamner. 

N, en, in exaw.en and hymen, sounded as in English. 

O, is mute mfaon, paon, laon. 

P, is mute in b'lpltine, compte, sepf, exempt, loup, heau- 
cmip, trap, but if the p of either of the last two be follow- 
ed by a vowel, or li mute, then the p has its natural sound. 
It is sounded in baptismal, exemptim^ septuagtnaire, cep, 
cap, alt' p. 

Q. 'i'here are only tw^o words in the French language 
ending in q, cnq and cinq. The q is silent in cnq-dinde, and 
sounded like k in coq. 'i'he q in cinq should be sounded 
only when followed by a vowel, or h mute. Ex. cijiq 
homms>\ cinq ardmanx. 

R, is pronounced fall at the end of the words, amer^ 
hiver, ci tiller, b^lv^der, cance'-, cher, fler,hier. 

S, sounds like z between two vowels, except in tho 
words, jn\':seance, tho iii'st s in re.v.iisir, rasasso^ d'<sueLude^ 
parasol. m-ynasylUbe. It has the natural s sound in aSy 
aloes, r>s, gratis, jadis, via is, laps^ Mars^ ours^ xasislas, 
iris, AlUs, bis. 



20 EXCEPTIONS TO THE ETC. 

T, lias the sound of s in adjectives ending in lial, deux, 
'Kx.facLieux, ambuieux, &.c. of s in adjectives ending in 
tieni and their dei-ivatives. Ex. palient, patience.^ Quolient^ 
cf-c. of s in words ending in tie, j.rimaiie^ inei^ti^., in the 
verbs, bfdbulier, iiiiliei\ and their derivatives; in the names 
of people and persons ending m tieji. Ex. Eg't/i., ien,, Ve^ 
niiipn, 4U'- ^'^^ woi'ds ending in ihrn^ Ex. aclioii, ojection^ 
<^r.. except when the t is preceded by x or s, as in sugges- 
^ion, geiitAon, in which hitter case the t retains its, natural 
^onnd. 7' retains its natuial sound in the words, rtet, apt^ 
h^ut^ correcf.^ z-'nith, do/, direct, le zisi et le le zesi, deficit 
net In the words suspect, circonx'pect^ aspect^ resjjecty tho 
c IS sounded like A", and the i is mute. 

U, between g and e is in itself mute, only giving th3 
hard sound to the ^. Ex. guerre, (gare.) 

X, is always pronounced the same as in English, in the 
words axe, phtnix, index, borax, prljix, sexe ; is mute in 
paix, unless foli(»wed by a vowel or h mute, in which case 
it has the z sound. It has the sound of z in deuxieme^ 
sixieme, and in six when the x is followed by a vowel or 
h mute, it has the sound of s in aix, Aixhchapelle^ 
Auxerre, Avxonne, Brnxelles. In dix and six, it is mute 
before a consonant or h asp'rated. Ex. dix gar ons ; is 
sounded like s when alone, and like z when followed by u 
vowel or h mute. Ex. dix hommes, dix olives, cf-c. It 
sounds like ga:, when at the beginning of a wmd. Ex. 
Xeno'phon, Xerxes, (^c. and like gx in the words exhorter^ 
exli.um.er, examen, exewjle, exit, and is sounded like the 
hard c in exces, exceller, exciier and dt-rivatives. 

Z, at the end of a word has the sound of 5, suez^ 
Metz, cf-c 



FRENCH VOWELS. 21 

FRENCH YOWELS. 

PECULIAFoITIES OF SOUND. 

The French vowels differ from their nearest cor- 

' responding sounds in English, in that thej are much 

softer, and terminate in a kind of breathing whisper. 

In the right sound of the vowels consists the most 

important point in correct pronunciation. 

Let us take the French vowels and sound them 
the same as their nearest corresponding sounds in 
English, and we shall find thej will be most cruellj 
murdered. Therefore be careful. 

a ah English sound^ but whispered soft. 
e eh do. 

i e do. 

do. 

u is sounded bj closing the lips as much as possible, 
and squeezing out the English c, Bj finishing the 
vowels off in a whisper, there is no difficulty in get- 
ting the correct sound. Just try it, and test your 
pronunciation by the first Frenchman you meet ; his 
politeness will not permit him to ridicule you. 

I shall divide the sounds into three classes, sim- 
ple, nasaly and compound vowels. 

1st. Simple (natural or alphabetical) sounds, or 
such as give the real sound of the letters of which 
they are composed. 

2nd. Nasal sounds, or those where the nose ia 
the most essential organ. 



22 FEENCH VOWELS* 

3rd. Compound vowel sounds, formed by the 
junction of tv*^o or more vowels, not having their 
alphabeticalsound. 

1. Simple or alphabetical sounds. 

Ba he hi ho hu 

al ah eh ihj &c. 
or any syllable that has only one vowel, and is not 
nasal. These sounds are perfectly natural, and offer 
no difficulty, after acquiring the sounds of the al- 
phabet. 

2. Nasal sounds, found only with n or ???. 

This sound is known at a glance, by attending to 
the following. It cannot exist without an m or n, 
and then the n or m must be single, not at the be- 
ginning of a word, or between two vowels in the 
same word. In all other cases it has the alphabeti- 
cal sound. The m is not common in the nasal form. 

EXAMPLES OF ALL THE NASAL SOUNDS. 

1st. An^ am, en, all the sama sound 
Ex. sang, blood, vent, wind. Recollect these words. 
The final g and t are mute, v/hen not followed by a 
consonant. 

If you take the English word on^ and only sound 
half the /?, you will hit on the Erench sound jis near 
as possible, A person receiving a sudden cl:cck on 
pronouncing the English /?, would pronounce very 
isorrectly the French nasal /?. 



FRENCH VOWELS. 23 

2d. //?, ain^ ein, airrij dm all the same sound. Ex« 
vtn^ wine, pain, bread. 

Pray recollect these examples, as they will serve 
as a key to the sound. 

To pronounce them right, take the English 
words van,, pan^ and when you have pronounced half 
the w, stop short. 

8rd. On J eon, (both the same sound.) Ex. houy 
good ; son^ sound. 

To get this correctly, take the English words 
honCj sown, and pronounce them as far as half the iij 
stopping short as before. 

4th. Un, eun, wn, (the same sound.) Ex. Lundij 
Monday. 

Take the English v/ords, gun, fun, a,nd pronounce 
as far as half the n, and stop short as before. 

5th. len, Ex. rien, nothing. Take the words 
Mar?/ Anne; begin to pronounce from the ?^, and stop 
when you get half way through the first n, and you 
cannot mistake the sound. 

6th. Gin. Ex. C6Z/?, corner. Take the word s^'z/a/z- 
de?^, begin pronouncing at the a, stop at half the w, 
and you will be close upon the sound.. 

You may console yourself that these sounds are 
always the same; therefore there cun be no mistake 
after once ivcqulring them. The pronunciation of the 
French language is not subject to the barbarous ir- 
regularities of the English, and is therefore easily 



24 FRENCH VO^^TELS. 

acquired, bj a little attention, accompanied hj a 
little inquirj ; as opportunities of reference continu- 
ally present themselves. 

Third. Compound Vov/el Sounds, or two or more 
vowels together, forming one sound, different from 
the alphabetical sound, 

1st, All J eau, these are sounded like the Frencli 
0, rather full, Ex. bean, handsome, eau^ water. 

2d. Ai) eij eai, sounded the same as the French 
c (a little opener.) Ex. laitj milk. 

ord. Eu^ mi^ sounded like the u in the English 
words gun, fun. Ex. feu, fire ; Jeu, game, play. 

4th. 0?*, eoi, sounded like ua and iva in the words 
squander, wander. Ex. bois, v/ood; moi, me. 

5th. Ou, sounded like u in the Englisli word full. 
'Ex.fou. mad; doux, sweet; compound vowels, other 
than the foregoing have their natural sound, with 
the exception of their having a quicker and more 
united sound than when found alone. 

Perhaps the simplest v/aj of knowing what a 
sound is, is first to know what it is not. Every 
sound must be either simple, compound rowelj or 
nasal, if it be not among the exceptions, of which 
there are but few. If then it be neither of the for- 
mer, it must belong to the latter. These three classes 
of sound will easily be recognized by referring to 
the preceding instructions. I give, page 300, an ex- 
ample, endeavoring to introduce the simple, nasal 



or ACCENTS. 25 

and compound vowel sounds in a small compass, 
that the learner maj the more easily commit them 
to memory, and that they may serve as a sort of ker 
to his pronunciation. 



OF ACCENTS. 



There are three accents, viz : The acute accent 
Ex. degenerer^ to degenerate. The grave accent. Ex. 
proces^ exces^ process, excess. The circumflex accent, 
Ex. hldmer^ to blame ; fete, feast, holiday. 

The acute accent gives a sharp, close sound, as 
in the vi^ords repete, repeated ; etudie] studied. 

The grave accent gives a grave open sound, as 
in the words theme, theme ; progres, progress. 

The circumflex accent gives a still opener sound, 
as in the words tempete, tempest ; honnete, honest. 

You will find that the French e proceeds from 
the upper roof the mouth. When it has the acute 
accent over it, the sound is just above the teeth ; 
with the grave accent, a little higher ; and with the 
circumflex, higher yet. 

The apostrophe ' marks the omission or elision 
of one of the vowels a, e or i in the words /(^j me, ne^ 
te, ce, que, le, la, de, se, si, when preceding a word be- 
ginning with a vowel or h mute. Ex. s'?7, c*est^ 
rhomme, quHl, &c. 



26 OF ACCE^'TS♦ 

The dyaresis •• is used to preserve the separate 
pronunciation to each vowel. Ex. Saul, rridis. But 
it must not be used when an accent can be substitut- 
ed. Ex. Poesiej Israelite, &c. 

The hyphen - is used to unite compound words 
having one meaning. Ex. arc-en-ciel, rainbow ; nouS" 
mimes, ourselves, &c. It is also used when the per- 
sonal pronoun (the subject or object of the verb) is 
placed after it. Ex. avez-vous, have you ; mangez-le, 
eat it, &c. When there are two personal pronouns 
following the verb, two hyphens must be used. Ex, 
Donnez-le-lui, give it to him. 

The hyphen is also used as a substitute for & 
in compound numbers. Ex. dix-sept, seventeen ; cenU 
dix-neufj a hundred and nineteen, &c. 

The cedilla is used under c before a, o ovu where 
the c is required to retain its natural sound of 5. Ex. 
requ, received ; leqon, lesson. 



THE FRENCH LAKGUAGE* Sf 

Of what is the French Language Comnosed f 

Ans. Of the same materials as our own. 

Of course every language must be unintelligible 
to those who are utterly unacquainted with it. I 
have no doubt many will open this little book and 
exclaim, (after vainly trying to pronounce a few 
words.) "I don't think / could ever learn that/^* 
This remark is very common, and not at all unna- 
tural. It will be granted that a person feels inclined 
to do but little, and cannot do much when he does 
not know what to do. It will be also granted that 
we feel inclined to sa?j but little, and we cannot saj/ 
much, when we don't know what to saj/. A strange 
language is looked upon as a barbarous mixture of 
exotic sounds by those who do not understand it, 
and cannot imagine of what 7riiv materials it is com- 
posed. But if we could only take a general survey 
of it, scrutinize its composition, and analyze its parts, 
we should see that it was not so unlike our own af- 
ter all, and not so barbarous as ice had depicted it. Let 
as see. 

The French language, like our own, is composed 
of the following parts, viz : article, noun or subst:in- 
tive, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, participle, 
preposition, conjuRction, and interjection. 

The following only admit of change : article, noun, 
pronoun, verb, adjective, participle. 

Now, all that you- want to know, to enable you 



2^ OF ARTICLES. 

to mould words into perfect sentences, is fhe rules 
to be applied to these different parts of speech. 
These I shall endeavor to make as simple as possi- 
ble, both bj precept and example. 

You must be able to recognize an j part of speech 
at a glance, and then applj the rales given jou con- 
cerning it 



Explanation of tlie parts of Speecli. 

ARTICLES. 

Un^ line, a, an ; le, la^ l\ les^ the, du^ de la^ de l\ deSy 
some, or an indefinite quantity. See article, page 31. 

An article is easily recognized. We say, then, 
that an article is a word used to limit the significa- 
tion of a noun, or to decide whether we speak of any 
thing as a whole or a part. A or an, however, is in- 
definite, because, although it implies a w^hole, it does 
not define what. Duj de la^ de l\ des^ are the only 
indefinite articles, answering to the word some or any^ 
whether the some or any be either expressed or un- 
derstood in English. 

Noun, or Substantive, represents a person, place 
or thing, property of body or mind, virtue or vice, 
&c. See nouns, page 33. Ex. John, Boston, coach, 
patience, softness, &c. 

Pronoun stands in the .place of a noun, as the 



OF ARTICLES. 29 

word implies. Ex. he, it, mine, that, whose^ i^c* 
See page 48. 

Verb, is a word implying action, being, suftlnlng, 
Ex. go, eat, read, &e. It answers to the question, 
"What were you about?" eating, sleeping, walkrag, 
reading, &c. See page 56. 

Adjective, tells what anything is, or tells soine- 
thing of the nature of a noun. Ex. good, bad, r sh, 
young, hard, &c. See page 53. 

Participles. Participles are properly verbs. TI ere 
are two participles, the present and the past. The 
present participle in English is always found rfter 
the verb to be, (either expressed or understood.) Ex. 
I am eating J they v/ere smoking^ I shall be sen Ing^ 
&c. But it never conies after etre, to be, in Freuch, 
It always ends in ant in French, and is easily recog- 
nized. There is no difficulty about its use. 

The Past Participle is found in French, the same 
as in Eilglish, after the auxiliary verbs have and be. 
Ex, to have eaten ^ drunk, gone, seen, loved, laug'iedj 
&c. Avoir mange, ha, &Q,, "Have" can always be 
placed before the past participle. It is always pre- 
ceded by either the verb to Jiave or to be, avoi\or 
etre. There is no other part of the verb like either 
of the participles in French, so that it is not easy 
to mistake them. But the perfect tense in English, 
being often the same as the past participle, (alvvays 
in regular verbs,) you must take care not to con- 



30 OF ARTICLES. 

found them in French ; recollecting that the past 
participle y^ill not admit of the pronoun I being 
placed immediately before it. Ex. I lovcd^ I have 
loved. 

The parts of speech above described are all that 
admit of change. 

Adverb is known by its qualifying a verb, or 
more simply it answers to Hgw^ whciij ivherc, well, 
badlj, &c. now, then, yesterday, &c. here, there, 
yonder, &c. 

Preposition is used to show connection between 
words'. Ex. going to^ from^ Viroughj oveVj alout Al- 
bany. Eunning across^ hctivecn^ under the street, &c. 

Conjunction is used to link, unite or join tc- 
gethc? the parts of a sentence, and to show the re- 
lation between those diiferent parts. 

Ex. Je vous dis qu^il ne viendra pas, f.arccqiie son 
frere d sa mere sont partis; wais nous le vcrrons de- 
main I tell you that he will not come, because his 
brotr : r and mother are gone away; hat v/e shall see 
him 'O-morrow. Qiu\ that; fajceque^ because; et, 
and; imd mais^ but; are conjunctions, because they 
unite he four mem^bers of this sentence. 

Iiuerjection is a word throv/n out suddenly in 
convc rsation, and which makes known seme sud- 
den e.notion of the mind, such as jcy, fear, pain, 
hatrc 1, &c. Ah! que je svis heareux! O! hew hap- 
py I am! Ah ! is the inteijccticn. 



OF ARTICLES* 31 

OF THE ARTICLES. 

DEFINITE ARTICLE. 

The, le^ masculine singular, before a consonant 
or h aspirated. 

The, la^ feminine singular, before a consonant 
or h aspirated. 

The, leSj plural of both genders. 

The, /' before a vowel or h mute in the singular 
of both genders. 

INDEFDTITE ARTICLES 

A or an, un^ masculine. 

A or an, une^ feminine. 

Da^ some, masculine singular. 

De la^ some, before the feminine singular, be- 
ginning either with a vowel or h aspirated. 

D:s.^ some, plural of both genders. . 

Da l\ some, before a word, beginning with a 
vowel or h mute, either masculine or feminine sin 
gular. 

. Whether the some or cmy indefinite quantity be 
expressed or understood in English, it must be ex- 
pressed by the dm^ dc^ la^ dj r or des in French, ac- 
cording to the number and gender of the noun to 
which it relates. 
LevaiAy the bread. \ La hcdne^ the hatred. 



Uor^ the gold. 
La tablc^ the table. 



Lcs femmes^ the Vv^omen. 
Les hommes, the men. 



32 OP TPIE AETICLES. 

When we use the article tlie in English, we must 
always use it in French; on the contrary, the is of- 
ten omitted in English when it must be used in 
French ; for instance, the article expresses either the 
whole or a part of a thing; if the whole, we use in 
French the definite; le^ la^ &c. if only a part the in- 
definite article, da^ de la, &c, "We should say in 
English, ' Women are amiable; Sugar is cheap;" 
but as it is understood by this, that all women are 
amiable and all sugars cheap, we must use in French 
the definite or v/hole article, and say "Les femmes 
sont aimablcs ; le sucre est a bon marche." 

Man is mortal, I^liomme est mortel. Boys are 
mischievous, Les gai^gons sont mechans. Eggs are 
good, Les ceufs sont hons. When I mean in English 
a part only of anything, I often omit the somey 
which must be expressed in French. 

Examples. — J^ai da pain, de la viande, deVoret 
des poidets. I have bread, meat, gold and chickens. 
Before using the article, just ask the question, whe- 
ther you mean the whole or a part of anything, and 
you will know whether to use the definite or the in- 
definite article. The article must be repeated be- 
fore every substantive, on account of the substan- 
tives being of different genders. This rule is univer- 
sal. The article must also be repeated before every 
adjective that qualifies a difiTerent substantive. Be- 
fore the adjective, when preceding the substantive, 



NOUNS. 88 

the preposition de is generally used, omitting the 
article. Ex, I have good wine and excellent cheese, 
J^ai d^ hon vin et dJ excellent fromage. After a nega- 
tive, de is generally used instead of the article, when 
the noun is used in the indefinite sense. Ex. Je n^ai 
pas de heurre^ I have no butter. Je rJai pas mange 
de pain, I have eaten no bread. JDe signifies of, from, 
and sometimes, with, out of, &c. Instead of saying, 
de le hois, of the wood ; we must say du hois. Instead 
of saying de les garqons; we must say des garqons, of 
or from the boys, or some boys, &c. 

NOIWS. 

PORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF NOUNS. 

The general rule in French, as in English, to form 
the plural of a noun, is to add an s to the singular. 

The following are exceptions : 

1. When a noun ends in x, s or z, it does not 
change for the plural. Ex. nez, palais, croix, nose, 
palace, cross, &c. 

2. Nouns ending in eu, eau form the plural by 
adding an x. Ex. tableau, tableaux, feu, feux, &c. 

3. The following nouns, ending in ou, take an x 
for the plural. Pou, genou^ cliou, caillou, bijou, joujou^ 
hihou. The rest follow the general rule. 

4. Nouns ending in al change al into aux for the 
plural. Ex. cheval, cJievaux ; mal, maux, &c. but hal^ 
carruival, and a few others, take the s. 



84 NOUNS, 

6, The following, ailj hail, corailj emaily travail^ 
soupiraily vantail, make, in the plural, aubc^ baux, co- 
rauxy emauxy travaux, soupiraux, vantaux. 

A'ieul makes, in the plural, aieiiXj when it means 
forefathers, and a'iculs when it means grand-parents. 

CEil makes 7/eux in the plural, except in ceils-de* 
hoeufj bulls' eyes, (window glass.) 

Ciel generally makes cieux in the plural, 

OF THE GENDERS OF NOUNS* 

Every French noun is either of the masculine or 
feminine gender. I subjoin rules by which you may 
discover the gender of a noun at sight ; but as these 
rules may be likely to puzzle you at the outset, (be- 
ing intersected with formidable exceptions,) I think 
the following remarks may throw more light on the 
subject, and administer relief to those who consider 
this as one of the great difficulties of the French lan- 
guage. 

1. In reading French, the gender of the noun is 
almost invariably to be seen by the accompanying 
article, pronoun or adjective, which is made to agree 
with it. 

2. You hear the gender when it is spoken, indi- 
cated by the word agreeing with the noun. 

3. All dictionaries have the gender attached to 
tV noun. 

i. As the article generally accompanies the noun 



and appears almost a component part of it, the one 
being associated with the other, a person would sel- 
dom use un for une^ le for la^ de V for de la^ &c. after 
having once seen, heard and spoken them correctly, 
in connection with nouns to which they might be- 
long. 

As in other languages, the male kind isf of the 
masculine gender, and the female, feminine. 

In inanimate objects, the gender is generally ex- 
pressed by the termination of the word, 

E mute is considered the feminine termination, 
and all other terminations masculine. 

This rule would be simple enough were it not sub- 
ject to many exceptions. See table, page 

Names of trees, shrubs, towns, mountains, co- 
lors, winds, minerals, and metals, are masculine, with 
but few exceptions. 

Names of days, months and seasons are generally 
masculine. Automne is feminine, and a few others. 

Numbers, when used as nouns, are generally 
masculine. 

Names of virtues (excepting courage^ merite) are 
feminine. 

Names of countries, states, kingdoms, &c. gene- 
rally are of the gender indicated by their termina- 
tion, except Le Mexique, le Pelopenese, le Bengale, 
and a few others. 



36 



WORDS ENDING IN E MOTE 



WORDS ENDING IN E MUTE, THAT ARE MAS 


Masculine. 




Abime, 


Abyss. 


Agiotage, 


Stock-jobbing. 


Arbre, 


Tree. 


Badinage, 


Sport. 


Beurre, 


Butter. 


Buffle, 


Buffalo, 


Cadavre, 


Corpse. 


Calme, 


Calm.. 


Caprice, 


Caprice. 


Careme, 


Lent. 


Carrosse, 


Coach. 


Centre, 


Centre. 


Chanvre, 


Hemp. 


CliaufFage, 


Fuel. 


Chan me. 


Stubble. 


Cbevre-feuille, 


Honej-suckle* 


Cidre, 


Cider. 


'Cigne, 


Swan. 


Coclie d'eau, 


Barge, 


Coffre, 


ColFer. 


College, 


College. 


Concombre, 


Cucumber. 


Congre, 


Conger-eel. 


Conde, 


Elbow. 


Courage, 


Courage. 


Couvercle, 


Coverlid. 


Crane, 


SkulL 



■WOEUS ENDING IN E jrUTE. 



37 



Masculine. 

Crime, 


Crime. 


Crepuscule, 


Twilight. 


Delire, 


Delirium. 


Deluge, 


Deluge. 


Desordre, 


Disorder. 


Dome, 


Dome, 


Doute, 


Doubt. 


Dromadaire, 


Dromedary, 


Edifice, 


Edifice. 


Empire, 


Empire. 


Eta^e, 


Stage. 


fiquinoxe, 


Equinox. 


Equipage, 


Equipage. 


Faible, 


Foible. 


Fiacre, 


Hacknej-coacb 


Fleuve, 


Kiver* 


Foie, 


Liver. 


Fourrage, 


Fodder. 


Frontispice, 


Frontispiece, 


Fromage, 


Cheese. 


Gage, 


Pledge. 


Garde-cendre, 


Fender. 


Garde-manger, 


Safe. 


Genie, 


Genius. 


Geste, 


Gesture. 


Gingembre, 


Gingerbread. 


Giroilo (clous de) 


Cloves. 


Globe, 


Globe. 


Golphe, 


Gulph. 



38 



WOKDS ENBIKG- IN E MUTE. 



Masculine. 

Havre, 


Haven. 


Hemisphere, 


Hemisphere, 


Hippopotame, 


Hippopotamus 


Hermitage, 


Hermitage. 


Incendie, 


Conflagration. 


Jardinage, 


Gardening. 


Jaune, 


Yolk. 


Labourage, 


Tillage. 


Libertinage, 


Libertinism. 


Libraire, 


Bookseller. 


Lierre, 


Ivy. 


Linge, 


Linen. 


Luxe, 


Luxury. 


Masque, 


Mask. 


Membre, 


Member. 


Mensonge, 


Lie. 


Merle, 


Blackbird. 


Meurtre, 


Murderer, 


Monastere, 


Monastery. 


Monde^, 


World. 


Narcisse, 


Narcissus. 


Nuage, 


Cloud. 


Obelisque, 


Obelisk. 


Ongle, 


Finger-nail. 


Orage, 


Storm. 


Orcliestre, 


Orchestra. 


Outrage, 


Outrage. 


Parjure, 


Perj ury. 


Parterre, 


Pit. 



WORDS ENDING IN E MUTE, 


Masculine. 

Passage, 


Passage. 


Paturage, 


Pasture. 


Pajsage, 
Peigne, 


Landscape. 
Comb. 


Periode, 


Period. 


Pigmee, 
Pilastre, 


Pigmy. 
Pilaster. 


Platre, 


Plaster. 


Poivre, 
Ponche, 


Pepper. 
Punch. 


Portique, 
Porte-feuille, 


Portico. 
Pocket-book. 


Porte-monnaie, 


u c. 


Porte-moucliette, 


Snuifer-stand. 


Potage, 
Pouce, 


Pottage. 
Thumb, Inch. 


Promontoire, 
Pegime, 


Promontory. 
Diet. 


Eenne, 


Eeindeer. 


Reve, 


Dream. 


Rliume, 


Cold. 


Eire, 


Laughter. 


Eivage, 


Shore. 


Eojaume, 
Sable, 


Kingdom. 
Sand. 


Sceptre, 


Sceptre. 


Seigle, 


Eye. 


Siecle, 
Siege,. 


Age, Century. 
Siege, Seat. 



89 



40 WORDS ENDING IN E MUTE. 


Masculine 




Silence, 


Silence. 


Singe, 


Monkey. 


Squelette, 


Skeleton. 


Solstice, 


Solstice. 


Songe, 


Dream. 


Souffle, 


Puff. 


Sourire 


Smile. 


Store, 


Blind. 


Sucre, 


Sugar 


Symptome, 


Symptom, 


Theatre, 


Theatre. 


Tire-bouchon, 


Cork-screw, 


Tonnerre, 


Thunder. 


Trefle, 


Clover. 


Trone, 


Throne. 


Ventre, 


Belly. 


Verre, 


Glass. 


Yertige, 


Vertigo. 


Vestibule, 


Hall. 


Vice, 


Vice. 


Vignoble, 


Vineyard. 


Village, 


Village. 


Vinaigre, 


Vinegar. 


Visage, 


Face. 


Voile, 


Veil. 


Ulcere, 


Ulcer. 


Usage, 


Use. 


Zebre, 


Zebra. 



TABLE OF NOUNS. 



41 



TABLE 
Of all nouns (or nearly so) not ending in e mute, 
showing the rule of their gender according to the 
different terminations. 



RULE. 




Termination. 


Exceptions. 


1100 ion fern. 


34 masc 


900 eur mas. 


73 fem. 


712 ent mas. 


4 fem. 


500 te fem. 


11 mas. 


250 et, ot, uit, out, mas. 


4 fem. 


230 on, not preceded bj 




7, y or aisj ma^. 


27 fem. 


200 au, mas. 


4 fem. 


200 in, mas. 


5 fem. 


100 an, mas. 


1 fem. 


70 is, mas. 


5 fem. 


40 i, mas. 


4 fem. 


40 er, air, our, mas. 




80 0, mas. ♦ 


2 fem. 


80 aison, fem. 


1 masc. 


20 art, ort, mas. 


4 fem. 


15 oi, mas. 


8 fem. 


15 ois, mas. 


1 fem. 


15 ix, aux, oux, mas. 


9 fem. 


10 u, mas. 


4 fem. 


8 jon, mas. 




6 ef, mas. 


8 fem. 


4 tie, fem. 




3 aim, mas. 4* 


2 fem. 



42 GENDER TERMINATIONS. 

EXCEPTIONS TO PREVIOUS RULES OF GENDER TERMI- 
NATIONS, NOT IN e MUTE. 

Terminations, ion, mas. 34 exceptions, viz. scion, 
bastion, bestion, Ixion, gabion, taudion, million, lion, 
ardelion, gavion, brimborion, septentrion, lampion, 
camion, capion, fourmillon, tremion, &c. 

Eur, fern. 73— Aigreur, ampleur, ardeur, blan- 
cbeur, candeur, chaleur, chandeleur, clameur, cou- 
leur, douleur, douceur, epaisseur, erreur, fadeur, 
defaveur, ferveur, fleur, passe-fleur, sans-fleur, frai- 
cheur, frayeur, froideur, fureur, grandeur, grosseur, 
hauteur, horreur, liumeur, laideur, langueur, largeur, 
lenteur, liqueur, longueur, lourdeur, lueur, maigreur, 
moiteur, noirceur, odeur, paleur, pesanteur, peur, 
primeur, profondeur, puanteur, pudeur, impudeur, 
rigueur, roideur, rondeur, rougeur, rousseur, rumeur, 
saveur, senteur, soeur, souleur, sulendeur, sueur, te- 
neur, terreur, tiedeur, torpeur, touffleur, tumeur, 
valeur, non-valeur, vapfeur, vendeur, vigueur, and 
mceurs, wliich latter is always used in the plural. 

Ent, fern. 4 — dent, surdent, gent, jument. 

Te, mas. 11 — Aparte, arrete, benedicite, ete, 
pate, traite, te, the, Lethe, cote, comte. 

Et, ot, uit, out, fern. 4 — Foret, nuit, dot, glout. 

On, not preceded by /, y or ais^ mas. 27— Paisson, 
boisson, cuisson, moisson, mousson, salisson, chanson, 
fagon, mal-fa9on, contrefa9on, legon, ran9on, don don, 
laideron, souillon, tatillon, garnison, guerison, prison, 



MASCULINE AND FEinNINE NOUNS. 



43 



trahison, cloison, foison, moison, pamoison, toison, 
camuson. 

Au, fern. 4 — Eau, peau, surpeau, sans-peau. 

In, fern. 3 — Fin, main, nonnain. 

An, fern. 1 — Maman. 

Is, fern. 5 — Brebis, souris, cliauVe-souris, iris, vis. 

I, fern. 4 — Fourmi, merci, gagui, apres-midi. 

Er, air, our, fern. 5— Mer, chair, tour, cour, 
cuiiler. 

O, fern. 2 — ^\^igaro, Albugo. 

Aison, mas. 1 — Brise-raison. 

Ix, aux, oux. fem. 9— Croix, noix, poix, voix, 
perdrix, chaux, faux, paix, toux. 

U, fem. 4 — ^^^ertu, tribu, bru, glu. 

Yon, fem, 0. 

Ef, fem. 3 — Clef, nef, soif. 

Tie, mas. 0. 

Aim, fem. 2— Faim, male-faim. 



TABLE OF NOUNS, BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE, 
ACCORDING TO THEIR SIGNinCATION. 

FemiDiiie. 



MaBCiiline. 
Assistant, helper, aide, 
Eagle, a great ge- 
nius, aigle, 
An angel, ange. 



aid, help, support.. 

a Roman standard, 
a kind of thorn- 
back. 



44 



MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS. 



Masculine. 




Feminine. 


An alder tree, 


aune, 


an ell, a sort of 
measure. 


Barb, a barbary 






horse. 


barbe, 


beard. 


Bar J, a poet, 


barde. 


a slice of bacon; 
horse armor. 


Reel-breast, 


berce. 


cow-parsnip. 


A. sort of privateer. 


capre. 


caper, an acid, 
pickles. 


A scroll or ornament 




in painting, 


cartouche, 


cartridge. 


A caravan, a liog, 


coche. 


a notch ; a sow. 


Cornet, a standard- 




a woman's head- 


bearer, 


cornette. 


dress when in 
dishabille. 


A couple, a man 




a brace, a pair, 


and wife, 


couple. 


two of a sort. 


Croat, a Croatian 




a cravat, a neck- 


soldier, 


cravate, 


cloth. 


A crape. 


crepej 


a pan-cake. 


An echo, the return 






of sound, 


echo, 


echo, a nympli. 


Ensign, a standard 






bearer, 


enseigne, 


a sign post. 


Example, model-in- 






stance, 


exemple, 


a copy for writing. 


Agimblet, a piercer, 


foret. 


a wood, a forest. 


A large tun, 


foudre, 


lightning, thun- 



derbolt. 



MASCULINE 


AND FEMININE NOUNS. 45 


Masculine. 




Feminine. 


Keeper, warden. 


garde. 


watch ; hilt ; nurse. 


Hoar frost, 


givre. 


a snake, or serpent, 
(in heraldry.) 


The rolls, a register, 


greffe. 


a graft. 


Gales, in heraldry, 


gueule. 


the mouth of beasts. 


Guide, director, 


guide, 


rein, for governing 
a horse. 


Heliotrope, sun 






flower, 


heliotrope, 


heliotrope ; jasper. 


Iris, the rainbow ; 




sprig crystal; a pro- 


iris of the eye, 


iris, 


per name. 


Lacker, a kind of 






varnish, 


laque. 


lacca, gum-lac. 


A book, 


livre, 


a pound. 


Ahat of otter's hair 


, loutre, ■ 


an otter. 


Hand of a tool. 


man'che, 


a sleeve ; English 
channel. 


A laborer, 


manoeuvre. 


the working of a 
ship. 


Memoir; a bill, 


memoire, 


memory. 


Thanks, 


merci. 


pity, mercy. 


Mood ; mode, 


mode, 


fashion. 


A pier, or mound. 


mole, 


mole, moon-calf. 


Mould, cast, form, 


moule, 


muscle, a shell-fish 


A ship-boy. 


mousse, 


mop, a plant. 


The philosopher's 




action; an author's 


Stone, 


oeuvre, 


works. 



46 



MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS. 



Mascaline. 
Office, business ; 

prayers, office, 

Ombre, a game at 

cards, ombre. 

Page, (of a prince,) 

&C. P^o^J 

A merrj-andrew, paillasse, 
A hand's breadth, palme. 



Feminine, 
pantry, larder, but- 
tery. 

shade, shadow. 



page, (in a book.) 
a straw-bed. 
the branch of a palm 
tree ; victory. 
Pantomime, pantomime, a dumb show. 

Easter, easter-day, paque, the passover. 

A comparison, parallele, 

Le Perche, in 

France, perche. 

Summit, the highest . 

pitch, periode, • 

Anybody, nobody, 

(a pronoun) personne, 

Spade, at cards, pique, 
Gnatsnapper, abird, pivoine, 



a parallel line.' 
pole ; perch, a fish, 
period, epoch. 



A plane-tree. 



plane. 



A store ; a canopy, poele. 

Post ; a military 

station, poste, 

Punto, at cards, ponte, 

Purple color ; pur- 
ples, (a disease,) pourpre, 



a person, (a noun.) 
a pike. 

peony, a flower, 
plane, (an instru- 
ment.) 
a frying pan. 

the post for letters, 
the laying of eggs. 
purple fish-*; purple 
dye. 



MASCUIJNE AND FEMTNINE KOUlfS. 



47 



Masculine. 




Feminine. 


A pretence, 


pretexte. 


pretext. 


Quadril at cards, 


quadrille, 


party of horse, (in 
a tournament.) 


Tlie calling back a 




a catch-word, (in 


hawk. 


reclame, 


printing.) 


Eest, relaxation, 


relache, 


harbor. 


A gla£S coach, 


remise, 


a coach house ; a 
remittance. 


A sort of pear-tree, 


sans-peau. 


a sort of pear. 


Satjr, a sylvan god, 


satjre, 


a satire, a lampoon. 


Serpentarius, 


serpentaire 


, snake-root, drag- 
on's worth. 


Nap, slumber, 


somme. 


sum ; load ; name of 
a river. 


A smile, 


souris, 


a mouse. 


A porter, 


Suisse, 


Switzerland. 


Holder, a book- 




tenor, purport, con- 


keeper, 


teneur. 


tent. 


A tour ; turn ; trick, 


tour, 


tower ; rock, (at 

chess.) 


Triumph, 


triomphe, 


a triumph. 


Trumpeter, 


trompette, 


trumpet. 


Space, 


vague. 


a wave, surge. 


A viise, vessel. 


vase, 


the slime in ponds, 
lakes, &c. 



A hat of vigonia 

■wool, 
A veil, 



vigogne, a vigon, a llama, 
voile, a sail. 



48 PRONOUNS. 

OF THE PRONOUN. 

The Pronoun is used to represent and take the 
place of the noun. 

The pronoun must always be of the same num- 
ber and gender as the noun to which it relates. 

There are six kinds of pronouns. 

Possessive pronouns. 

Personal pronouns. 

Adjective-possessive pronouns. 

Demonstrative pronouns. 

Conjunctive pronouns. 

Pronouns whose relative is undetermined or un- 
defined. 

OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Personal pronouns generally relate to persons. 
There are three persons. The first person is thai 
which speaks. Singular, Je^ I, me me (to me,) moi^ I, 
me, to me. 

Plural nous^ we, us. Ex. Je me Jlatte moi, qtie 
noibs dmerons; I flatter myself (I do) that we shall 
dine. The second person is that to whom w^e speak. 

The pronouns of the second person are : Singu- 
lar, tu^ te^ toi; thou, thee, to thee, and vous^ you, 
(from politeness.) 

Plural, vous^ you. 

Ex. Tu f imagines que vous (meaning tu and some 
one else,) arriverez a terns. Thou imaginest to thy- 
self that you will arrive in time. 



PRONOUNS. 4^ 

j The pronouns of the third person are those of 
J whom we speak, thej are il, he ; ils, they, (masc.) 
elle, she ; elles, they, (fern.) le, him ; la, her ; les, them ; 
lui, to him ; eu^, them ; se, him-self, her-self, them- 
selves ; qui, who ; sot, ones-self, &c. Ex. 7/5 se fiat- 
tent, eux, quails viendront. They flatter themselves 
(they do) that they will come. 

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

Possessive pronouns are those which express the 
possession of the noun, whose place they assume. 
These pronouns in French are always preceded by 
the article le, la, or les, according to the gender and 
number of the nouns, to which they relate 

Sinsular Masculine. Singular Feminine. 

Le mien, mine. La mienne, mine. 

Le tien, thine. La tienne, thine. 

Le sien, his, her or its. La sienne, his, her or its. 
Le notre,* ours. La notre, ours. 

Le votre, yours. La votre, yours. 

.Le leur, theirs. La leur theirs. 

Plural Masculine. Plural Feminine. 

Les miens, mine. Les miennes, mine. 

Les tiens, thine. Les tiennes, thine. 

Les siens, his, her or its, Les siennes, his, her, its. 



* The circumflex accent is ahvays placed on the votrty 
notre, votres, notres when they are possessive pronouns, but 
not when they are adjective possessive 

5 



50 PRONOUNS. 

Les notres, ours. Les notres, ours. 

Les votres, yours. Les votres, yours. 

Les leurs, theirs. Les leurs, theirs. 

ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE PBONOUNS. 

Adjective possassive pronouns are those which 
express 'the relation of possession of the noun, which 
they precede and determine, to that of which they 
recall the idea. 

ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE FP.ONOUNS. 

Singular Masculine. Singular Feminine. 

Mon, my, Ma,'^ my, 

Ton, thy. " Ta, thy. 

Son, his, her or its. Sa, his, her. 

Notre, our. Notre, our. 

Votre, your. Votre, your. 

Leur, their. Leur, their. 

PLUP.AL OF BOTH GENDERS. 
Masculine. Feminine. 

Mes, my. Nos, our. 

Tes, thy. Yos, your. 

Ses, his. Leurs, their. 

* Before a singular noun of either gender in the singular, 
beginning with a vowel or h mute, wow, ton^ son, are used in- 
stead oima, ta, sa, for the sake of sound. Ex. mon dmc, 
feminine, my soul, instead of ma dme. Mon argent, mascu« 
line, my money. Son humeuTj his humor ; instead of sa hit- 
meur, S^c. 



PRONOUNS. 



51 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Demonstrative pronouns are those which are 
iflsed to point out the nouns which they represent. 



SINGULAR MASCULINE. 

Ce, that. 
Celui, he. 
Celui-la, that one. 
Celui-ci, this one. 
Ceci, this. 
Cela, that. 

PLURAL MASCULINE. 

Ceux, these, those. 
Ceux-ci, these. 
Ceux-la, those. 



SINGULAR FEMININE, 

Celle, that. 
Celleci, this one. 
Celle-Ia, that one. 



PLURAL FEJVHNINE. 

Celles, these, those. 
Celles-ci, these. 
Celles-la, those. 



CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. 

A conjunctive pronoun is one which joins and 
connects to the substantive whose place it takes, 
words which serve to explain and determine its 
meaning:. 



MASCULINE SINGULAR. FE:MININE SINGULAR. 

Lequel, which. Laquelle, which. 

Duquel, of or from which. De laquelle, of or from 

which. 
Auquel, to which. A laquelle, to which. 



52 PRONOCKS. 

MASCULINE PLURAL. FEMININE PLURx\.L. 

Lesquels, which. Lesquelles, which. 

Desquels, of or from Desquelies, of or from 

which. which. 

Auxquels, to which. Auxquelles, to which. 

Pronouns of both genders and numbers, being 
unchangeable, are the the following, \iz : Qui who, 
que which, dont of whom, of which, whose, and oUy 
(sometimes meaning to which,) Ex. le pain que vous 
avez -mange et les hommes dont voits parlez. The bread 
which you ate, and the men of vv^hom you speak. 

PRONOUNS UNDETERMINED OR UNDEFINED. 

Pronouns undetermined or undefined are those 
which take the place of certain nouns without intro- 
ducing us to their acquaintance, viz : O/z, ive^ you^ 
they; speaking indefinitely, Personne nobody, Chxxcun 
every one, Qaelqu^un somebody, Autrui anybody else, 
Quiconque whosoever, L^un r autre each other, L^un 
et L^autre one and the other, Les uns les autres each 
other, Les uns et les autres one and the other. 
Aucwi, not one. iVw7, no. 

Flusieurs, several, many. Certain, Certain. 

Tel, such, these are undetermined when they are 
not joined to a noun, Ex. Aucun ne mangera; nul ne 
sera exempte de cette defense, No one shall eat ; not one 
shall be exempt from this prohibition. 

They are numeral adjectives when accompanied 



ADJECTIVES. 53 

by a noun, Ex. Aucim homme, no man. JVulle puis- 
sance, no power. Phisisurs gargons, Several boys, &c. 



OF THE ADJECXrV^E. 

The adjective must always be made to agree in 
gender and number with the noun to which it re- 
lates, as well as the pronoun and article. 

An adjective is a word which is added to a noun 
to modify it, either by qualifying it, or determining 
the extent of its signification. Ex. un enfant ainiable^ 
an amiable child ; un grand cheval^ a large horse. Or 
to explain it more intelligibly, an adjective tells you 
what a noun is. 

FORMATION OP THE FE^HNINE OF ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives ending in e mute do not change in the 
feminine singular. Ex. le cheval est utilc^ the horse is 
useful ; la demoiselle est agreahle, the young lady is 
agreeable. 

Adjectives not ending in e mute must have an e 
mute added to form the feminine singular. 
Ex, Mechant Mechante, 

Grand, Grande. 

Poli, &c. Polie, &c 

EXCEPTIONS. 

1. Adjectives ending in as, el, ee, ils, et, ion, on^ 
5* 



54 ADJECTIVES. 

OS, double the final consonant, to which the e mute 
must be added to form the feminine singular. Ex. 
gi^as, grasse ; cruelj cruelle^ &c. Gentil in the feminine 
singular makes gentille ; Ras, concret, complet, discret, 
ifiquiet, pret, replet, secret^ &C.5 take simply the c 
mute. 

2. Beau^ nouveauj fou, mou^ vieux, before a mascu- 
line noun beginning with a vowel or h mute make 
hel^ nouvel, fol, mol^ viel, Ex. Bel homme, nouvel appar- 
temerity &c. 

They form their feminine according to the pre- 
ceding rule by doubling the hnal consonant and add- 
ing e mute. Ex. helle femme, Nouvelle maison. 

3. Adjectives ending in x, change the x for se, 
Ex. Jionteux^ Jioatease, Jaloux, Jalouse; but doux, faux, 
prefix^ roux, make douce ^ fausse, prejixe^ roicsse, 

4. Adjecti^^es ending in/ change/ into ve; Ex. 
bi'ej] hreve; na'[f, naive, neuf] neuve, &c. 

5. Lo7ig, oblong, inalin, henin, make longue, ohlongue, 
maligne, bem'gne. 

Frais, favori, coi, msike f?'aiche, favorite, coite; tiers 
makes tierce, 

6. Blanc, franc, sec, public, caduc, grec, turc, make 
in the feminine singular, blanche, franche, seche, pub- 
iique caduque, greque, turque, 

7. Adjectives indicating trades or professions of 
men such as autcur, author, Iniq)rimeur, printer, etc. 
do not change for the feminine. 

8. Adjectives ending in teur and eur change the 



ADJECTIVES. 55 

eur into euse, Ex. trompeur, trompeuse^ porteur^ par- 
teuse, etc. or when the eur can be changed into ant, 
the present partciple of the verb, Ex. trompeur^ de- 
ceiver ; Pres. participle trompant deceiving. Porteur 
bearer, Pres. participle portard bearing. But when 
the termination eur does not admit of this change 
into ant^ then eur must be changed into ice^ Ex. ac- 
teur^ actrice, protecteur^protectricej adulateur^ adulatrice; 
because we cannot say, actant, protectant^ &c. Nev- 
ertheless debiteur, executeur, inspecteur, Inventeur, per- 
decuteur, make debiti^ice, executrice, &c. though we 
might say debitant, &c. 

9. Adjectives ending in zewr, form their feminine 
singular by the addition of an ermute, Ex. i7ifeneur, 
inferieure, &c. Majeur, 7nineur, meilleur, &c. take 
also an e mute, for the feminine singular. 

10. The adjectives chasseur,- devineur, defendeur^ 
demandeur, hailleur, pecheur, vengeur, changes eur into 
eresse. Ex. chasseur, chasseresse, pecheur, pecheresse, &c. 
Gouverneur makes Gouvetmante, and serviteur, servante. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. 

The plural of adjectives is generally formed in 
the same way as the plural of nouns ; that is by add- 
ing an 5 to the singular. Ex. un garqon oheissant, des 
gargons oheissants. This rule is invariable, in the 
change from the feminine singular to the feminine 
plural, viz ; to add an s to the feminine singular, to 



56 VERBS. 

make the word fern plural ; but in changing the mas- 
culine singular to the masculine plural, there are 
these exceptions. 

Adjectives ending in 5 or a^ do not change for the 
plural masculine. Ex. Le suci^e est doux, Les agneaux 
sont doux. 

Adjectives ending in az^, form their musculine 
plural in aux^ Ex. heau^ heaux^ nouveau, nouveaux^ &c. 

Nearly all the adjectives ending in al change the 
al into aux^ Ex. finals Jiaaux; moral^ moraux. But some 
of them, ending in a/, form their plural according to 
the main rule by taking an s for the plural masculine, 
Ex. fatal^ fatah ; final ^ finals ; Theatral^ Theatrals^ &c. 

Remark, we hpvve said that the adjective must be 
of the same gender and number as the noun to which 
it relates ; but if the adjectives relate to things of dif- 
ferent genders, the adjective must be in the plural 
masculine, Ex. Moii, frere^ ma so^ur et ma mire sont 
contents, and not contentes. 



VERBS. 

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB avoirj TO HAVE. 

Infinitive Avoir, to have. 
Participle present, Ayant, having 
Participle past, eu, had. 
Avoir eu, to have had. 
Ayant eu, having had. 



VERBS. 57 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

J'ai, I have Koiis avons, we have. 

Tu as, thou hast. Vous avez, you have. 

II a, he has. lis, or elles ont, they have. 

PERFECT INDEFINITE TENSE. 

J'ai eu, I have had, &c. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

J'avais, I had. Nous avions, we had. 

Tu avals, thou hadst. Yous aviez, you had. 

D ay ait, he had. lis avaient, they had. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
J'avais eu, I had had, «&c. 

PERFECT DEFINITE TENSE. 

J'ens, I had. Nous eiimes, we had. 

Tu eus, thou hadst. Vous elites, you had. 

U eut, he had. II eurent, they had. 

PERFECT ANTERIOR TENSE, 

J 'eus eu, I had had, &c. 

^ FUTURE TENSE. 

J'aurai, I shall or will have. Nous aurons, we wall have. 
Tu auras, thou wilt have. Yous aurez, you will have. 
II aura, he will have. He or elles auront, they will have. 

FUTURE PAST TENSE. 

J'aurai eu I shall have had, &c. 



58 VEKBS. 

CONDITIONAIi MOOD. 

J^aurais, I should have. Nous aurions, we should have. 

Tu aurais, thou should st have. Vous auriez, you should have. 
II aurait, he should have. lis auraient, they would have, 

CONDITIONAL PAST MOOD. 

J'aurais eu, I should have had, &c. 

IMFERATIVE MOOD. 

Aie, have (thou.) Ayez, have (you.) 

Qu'il ait, let him have. Qu 'ils aieut, let them have. 

Ayons, let us have. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Que jaie, that I may have. 

Que tu aies, that thou mayest have. 

Qu'il ait, that he may have. 

Que nous ayons, that we may have. 

Que vous ayez, that you may have. 

Qu'ils aient, that they may have. 

PAST TENSE. 

Que j'aie eu, that I may have had, &e. ^ 

IMF-ERFECT TENSE. 

Que j'eusse, that I might have. 
Tu eusses, thou mightest have. 
II eut, he might have. 



VERBS. 59 

Nous eussions, we might have. 
Vous eussiez, you might have, 
lis eussent, they might have. 

PLUPEKFECT TENSE. 

Quej'eusse eu, that I might have had, &e. 

CO:f^JTrGATION OF THE VERB etve, TO BE. 

Infinite, Etre, to be. 

Participle present, Etant, being. 

Participle past, Ete, been. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Je 8uis, I am. J'etais, I was. 

Tu es, thou art. Tu etais, thou wast. 

II est, he is. II etait, he was. 

Nous sommes, we are. Nous etions, Ave were. 

Vous etes, you are. Vous etiez, you were, 

lis sont, they are. lis etaient, they were. 

PERFECT DEFINITE TENSE. FUTURE TENSE. 

Je fus, I was. Je serai, I shall or will be. 

Tu fus, thou wast. Tu seras, thou shalt be. 

II fut, he was. II sera, he will be. 

Nous fumes, we were. Nous serons, we will be. 

Vous fates, you were, Vous serez, you will be. 

lis furent, they were. lis eeront, they will be. 

CONDITIONAL PRESENT. 

Je serais, I should or would be. 
Tu serais, thou wouldst be. 
II per\ t. he would be. 



60 VEKBS. 

Nous serious, we would be. 
VouB seriez, you would be. 
lis seraient, they would be. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sois, be, (thou.) Soyez, be (you.) 

Qu'il soit, let him be. Qa'ils soient, let them be. 

Soyons, let us be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Que je sois, that T may be. 
Que tu sois, that thou may est be. 
Qu'il soit, that he may be. 
Que uous soyons, that we may be. 
Que vous soyez, that you may be. 
Qu'ils soieut, that they may be. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Que je fusse, that I might he 

Que tu fusses, that thou mightest be. 

Qu'il fut, that he might be. 

Que nous fussions, that we mJght be. 

Que vous fussiez, that you might be. 

Qu'ils fusseut, that they might be. 

OF AUXILIARY VERBS AND COMPOUND TENSES. 

Avoir, to have, and J^tre, to be, ore aiixiliaiy or 
helping-verbs. Besides being used alone, to signify 
possession and existence, they serve in French, as 
well as in English, to help the conjugation of all 



VERBS, 61 

other verbs. But in French, the verb following the 
auxiliary avoir or etre, must be in the past participle. 
The present participle cannot be used, as in Engiish, 
after the verb to he. Where it is so found in Eng- 
lish, the simple tense only of the verb is used in 
French. Ex. II park ^ he is speaking, or speaks. I 
cannot say II est parlant The only exception to this 
is the present participle, mourant. "We may sq^^" // 
est mourant^"^ he is dying. But before the past parti- 
ciple it is used the same as in English. Ex. je miis 
tue, I am killed. In the conjugation of the verbs, I 
consider it unnecessary to repeat the compound 
tenses, (or those formed with the auxiliary verb 
avoir or etre,) as the knowledge of the auxiliary verbs 
of course will serve for all the compound tenses, by 
simply adding the past participle of the verb. There 
are a multitude of English verbs, whose perfect tense 
and past participle are alike. These must not be 
confounded in French, because no form of the verb 
excepting the past participle can follow avoi?^, or 
etre, in French. Knowing, then, the past participle 
of any verb and the auxiliaries, you know all the 
compound tenses at once. Then, as the sound of the 
past participle of the first conjugation is about the 
same as that of the verb in the infinitive, Ex. par- 
ler^ parle ; w^e have already done away with all dif- 
ficulty in seven tenses. One example of compound 
tenses will be sufficient for the whole. 



62 VERBS. 

COMPOUND TENSES OF VERBS, WITH DIFFERENT 
PARTICIPLES OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Avoir parle, to have spoken. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Ayant aime, having loved. 
INDICATIYE MOOD. 



PERFECT INDEFINITE TENSE. 

J'ai mange, I have eaten. 
Tu as dine, thou hast dined. 
II a soupe, he has supped. 
Nous avons danse, we have danced. 
Vous avez chante, you have sung, 
lis onttrompe, they have cheated. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

J'avais demande, I had asked. 

Tu avais refuse, thou hadst refused. 

II avait donne, he had given. 

Nous avions marche, we had walked, 

Vous aviez blesse, you had wounded. 

lis avaient valse, they had waltzed. 

FUTURE PAST TENSE. 

J'aurai puni, I shall have punished. 

Tu auras menti, thou wilt have lied. 

II aura senti, he will have felt. 

i?J'ous aurons trahi, we shall have betrayed. 

Vous aurez peri, you will have perished. 

lis auront fourni, they will have furnished 



VERBS. 



63 



I 



o 

o 



PERFECT ANTERIOR (dEFINITe) TENSE. 

J'eus re^u, I had received. 

Tu eus vu, thou hadst seen. 

II eut su, he had known. 

Nous eumes voulu, we had wished. 

Vous elites pu, you had been able. 

lis eurent mu, they had moved. 

CONDITIONAL PAST TENSE. 

J'aurais defendu, I should have defended. 
Tu aurais rendu, thou wouldst have rendered. 
II aurait vendu, he w^ould have t?old. 
Nous aurions suspendu, we should have suspended 
Vous auriez attendu, you would have waited. 
, lis auraient etendu, they would have stretched. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



PAST TENSE. 

Que j'aie ouvert, that I may have opened. 
Que tu aies couru, that thou mayest have run. 
Qu'il ait cueilli, that he may have gathered. 
Que nous ayons acquis, that we may have acquired. 
Que vous ayez servi, that you may have served. 
^ Qu'ils aient tenu, that they may have held. 



i < 



PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

Que j'eusse dit, that I might have said. 

Que tu eusses ecrit, that thou mightest have written. 

Qu'il eut bu, that he might have drunk. 

Que nous eussions fait, that w^e might have made. 
I Que vous eussiez traduit, that you might have translated 
I Qu'ils eussent mis, that they might have put. 

The verb Etre, to be, is used in precisely the 



64 VERBS. 

same way. If it be immediatelj followed by a verb, 
that verb must be in the past participle. Ex. Je suis 
aime, I am loved. // est perdu^ he is lost. Elle est 
venue, she is come, &c. 

It is highly important to commit to memory the 
auxiliary verbs, as they are in such constant usage. 

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB y dvoir, (THERE TO BE.) 

The Yerb y avoir is used for the verb to be in 
English, in the impersonal sense. In English, we 
say, there is, there are, there was, there were, &c. 
according as the subject be singular or plural, but 
in French, this verb is only used in the third person 
singular, and must be translated by there is, there 
are, &c. according to circumstances. Ex. II y a du 
pain, il y a des maisons, there is bread, there are 
houses. 

Indicative present. — II y a, there is or are. 
Imperfect. — II y avail, there was or were. 
Future. — // y aura, there will be. 
Perfect. — // y eut, there was or were. 
Imperative, — QuHl y ait, let there be. 
Conditional. — // y aurait, there would be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. — Qii'il y ait, that there may be. 
Imperfect. — QuHly eut, that there might be. 

COMPOUND TENSES. 

II y a eu, there has or have been. 
// y avait eu, there had been. 
U y aura eu, there will have been. 



I 



VERBS. 65 

U y eut eUj there had been. 

QuHl y ait eu, let there have been. 

II y aurait eu, there would have been 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

QuHl y ait eu, that there may have been. 
Q^uHl y eut eu, that there might have been. 

rejmaeks on the use of tenses. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 

This tense is often used in French, instead of the 
future, (much more so than in English) and in quite 
a different manner. Ex. Je vous en donne deux^ I 
will give you two (of them.) Je vous hrule la cev" 
velkj I will blow out your brains. 

It is used also precisely the same as in English. 

PERFECT INDEFINITE. 

Composed of the present tense of the auxiliary 
verb etre or avoir, with the past participle of any 
other verb. 

This tense denotes actions of late occurrence, 
and is much more used than the perfect tense (defi- 
nite.) I saw, I came. We cannot say, in English, 
I have seen him yesterday, last week, last month, 
last year ; as we do in French, Je Vai vu hier, la se- 
maine passee, le mois passe, Vanne'e passee. This is 
much easier for the Student, as he wants only the 
auxiliary verb avoir and the past participle, instead 
of seeking the perfect definite. 

6* ' 



66 VERBS. 



IMPERFECT. 



The imperfect is used as in English, to express 
the presence of a past occurrence. Ex. Je marchais, 
I was walking ; JSfous mangions, we v/ere eating. Al- 
so in French to signify the continuance or duration 
of a past action. J^etais a Londres^ I was in Lon- 
don ; {nieaning during a certain time.) Je damais 
bien, quand fetais a Vecole^ I danced well when I 
was at school. Yous demeuriez autrefois a PhiladeU 
phie^ you used to live in Philadelphia, &c. 

PERFECT DEFIIS^TE. 

The perfect (definite) is principally used in the 
relation of actions, long past and fully completed, 
facts of history, &c., although it is not incorrect to 
use it in speaking of actions of late occurrence. I 
can say, Je lid parlai h'er^ I spoke to him yesterday. 
Je chantai le mois passdj I sang last month ; but (as I 
have just observed) the perfect definite is more com- 
monly used in such cases, and habit makes it almost 
universal. 

FUTURE. 

When the present is used in English, the future 
is sometimes substituted in French. If the future 
is intended to be expressed after quand, then the 
future must be used. Ex. Quand voiis lui par/rrez^ 
dites lui de veiiir, when you speak to him tell him 
to come. But quand does not require the future 



VERBS. 



m 



tense, wlien the future is not intended. Ex. quand 
je sidsfatigii^Je me coucke, wlien I am tired I go to 
bed. Quand j^ lui parte, whenever I speak to him. 
In other cases it is used as in English. 

IMPERATIVE. 

The third person, both of the singular and plu- 
ral of the imperative, are always precisely the same 
as the third person singular and plural of the sub- 
junctive present. 

Some French grammarians will not admit of 
third persons in the imperative, but attribute them 
to the subjunctive present. 

SUEJU^^CTIVE MOOD. 

The subjunctive (as the term implies) is always 
dependent on another part of a sentence, and in 
French is preceded by the conjunction que, that. It 
generally implies doubt or uncertainty. Ex. Je 
doute quHl vienne, I doubt whether he will come. 
A moins qu^il ne pleuvc, unless it should rain. Quoi- 
que voits disiez la ve.rite, though you may tell the 
truth. It is never used in a direct indicative form 
as in English. He may come, he might go away, 
&c. but dependant as I observed. // se 'pent qu''il 
vienne, it est possible gu^it s\'7i aille. 

The present tense, subjunctive, is dependant on 
the present and future indicative, and the imperfect 
is dependant on the other tenses of the indicative. 



68 VERBS. 

Ex. II f mil qiCil vieiine^ ilfaudra qii'il le fasse. He 
must come, he must do it. // fallait qu'il dlndt, il 
auraitfallu qic'il parlat. It was necessary that he 
should dme, he would have been obliged to speak, 
&c. &c. 

OF THE TEE]\nNATIONS OF TENSES OF VEUBS. 

It will be of great service to the student, to get 
into the twang of the terminations of verbs. If he 
will take a little pains to do this, they will soon be 
as familiar to him as " Hail Columbia" and "Yan- 
kee Doodle." Pray attend to the following. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. , 

Singular. If the first person singular ends in e^ 
J€ parle, I speak, J'o^^^'7'^, I open, &c. > must be added 
to form the second person ; and the third person iwS 
the same as the first. Ex. Je mange, ta rnai^ges, il 
mange, I eat, thou eatest, he eats. If the first per- 
son ends in s or .r, the second is like the first, and 
the third generally ends in t : Je p?/;/?*.s', tu io\inh^ il 
punit. In a few verbs of the fourth conjugation 
the third person ends in d, Ex. // pretend^ il vend^ 
il rend. 

Plural. — The plural of this tense in all the con- 
jugations ends in ons^ ez, out, (with the exception of 
the verbs /aire, dire, and their compounds, which 
will be found elsewhere.) 

Ex. Nous parl'Ons,^ vous parl-ez^ ils parl-ent. 



VERBS. tm^ 

IMPEKFECT. 

The imperfect tense in all verbs has invariably 
the following terminations : 

AiSj ais, ait, ions, iez, aient, ^ 

Ex. Je 2^cirlais^ ais^ ait, ions, iez, aient. 

PEKFECT DEFINITE. 

The perfect definite terminates always either in 
ai, is, vs or iiis, Ex. J^aimai, mas, ma, mdme>t, 
mates, merent; je finis, nis, nit, nimes, nites, nirent ; 
je recus, cus, cut, cumes, ciites, curent; je devins, 
vins, vint, vin7nes, vintes^ vinrent. 

Observe, the first and second persons of the plu- 
ral of this tense have invariably the circumflex ac- 
cent to distinguish them from other persons of 
^ther tenses, that might bear the same form. 

FUTUEE. 

The invariable termination of the future tense 
is : Singular, rai, ras, ra. Plural, 7'OJis, rez, ronU 
Ex. Je chanterai, ras, ra, rons, rez, ront, dc, 

CONDITIONAL PRESENT. 

The terminations of this tense are also invaria- 
ble, viz: Singular, rais, rais, rait. Plural, rions, 
riez, raient. Ex. Je mangerais, rais, rait, rions, 
riez^ rai en t, 

TERMINATIONS OF THE IMPERATIVE. 

The second person singular of the imperative is 
like the first person of the indicative. Ex, Impera-^ 



70 VERBS. 

tive, ParU^ speak. Indicative present, Je parle^ I 
speak, &c. omitting of course the pronoun je in the 
imperative. Except the following verbs : aller^ to 
go ; avoir^ to have ; Hre, to be ; savoiTj to know.* 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

The terminations of this tense are always inva- 
riable, e, es, e^ ions^ iez, ent, Ex. J^aime^ tu aime^ 
il aime, nous aimions, vous aimiez^ Us avnent. 

IMPERFECT. 

The imperfect subjunctive has four terminations, 
€W5e, isse, usse, insse, 

Ex. Que je parlasse, asses, dty assionSj assieZy 
absent 

Que je punisse, isses. it, issions, issiez, issent, 
Queje recusse, usses, ut, ussions, ussiez, ussent. 
Que je devinsse^ insses^ tnt^ inssions^ inssiez^ ins- 
sent The second person plural of all tenses of all 
verbs, generally ends in z, 

Recollect then, that we have four of the most 
important tenses that never vary in their termina- 
tions, viz: imperfect and future, indicative condi- 
tional and subjunctive present, the tiuang of which 
terminations I desire you particularly to familiarize 

* When the second person of the imperative ends in e 
mute, and this e mute is followed by the pronoun y or en, an 
s is added to the c mute, merely for the sake of sound. Ex. 
Apportes-en. bring (thou) some. <fcc. 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 71 

yourself with ; as also to dig away at the termina- 
tions of the other tenses which (as jou will observe) 
have more variations. You wdll very soon over- 
come the apparent difficulty of the verbs, always 
remembering not to speak the less from fear of 
speaking incorrectly; but to speak the more in or- 
der to speak more correctly. A child two years old 
makes himself understood as well as a senator, and 
loses nothing from the fear of making a gramma- 
tical blunder. 

RULES FOR THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

The French verbs are divided into four conjuga- 
tions. 

First, conjugation ending in er. 
Second, conjugation ending in ir. 
Third, conjugation ending in ozV. 
Fourth, conjugation ending in re. 
It will be seen, by referring to the list of irregu- 
lar verbs, page , whether any verb be regular or 
irregular ; since, if it be not found among the irreg- 
ular, it must be regular. If it be regular, it must 
be conjugated according to the regular verb of the 
same termination ; if irregular, the page of its con- 
jugation will accompany it. 

A verb is a word used to express any action, mo- 
tion, being or suffering. 

There are five kinds of verbs. 

1. Active (transitive; verbs with a direct object. 



72 CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

Ex. Je vous aime^ I love you. Jl me voit, he sees 
me. II mcmge du pain^ lie eats bread, &c. 

2. Active intransitive, (or neuter verbs,) Je suis 
alU €)i France^ I went to France. J\d mnrche\ I 
have marched. These are intransitive; because I 
cannot aller or 'marcher anj thing. 

3. Passive verbs are those whose subject or nom- 
inative receives or suffers from the action of tho 
verb. 

Passive verbs are conjugated with Hre^ (to be.) 
Any active verb may be changed to passive. Ex. 
active verb Je frappe, I strike. Passive, Je suis 
/rappi', I am struck. 

Reflected verbs are those whose subject and object 
are the same person. Ex. Je me flatte^ I flatter my- 
self. // 57u?Z>i//e, he is dressing himself. Reflected 
verbs are generally active and transitive. 

Impersonal verbs are those which are generally 
used only in the third person singular, Ex. 11 plenty 
it rains ; il neige, it snows ; it faut^ it is necessary, 
<&c. Verbs not used in all the tenses, are called 
defective. 

Verbs are composed of two parts ; the first part 
of which is invariable. This invariable part is call- 
ed the root. Upon this root all the branches are to \ 
be grafted. 

The branches vary according to the mood, tense, 
number and person, wliich may be required of them. 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 73 

fParler, *] the f Pari "l the ""j er' 

J Punir, I root ! Pun ! termination [ ir 

^^ I Recevoir, j is j Rec j is (' evoir 

[ Rendre, J [ Rend J J re 

To conjugate a verb, it wdll only be necessary to 
add to its root the terminations of the verb, which 
is used as a model for all of the same conjugation; 
providing it be regular : or should it be irregular, 
866 to what class it belongs, and conjugate it accord- 
inglj. 

EX. FIRST CONJUGATION. 
Model verb Parler; verbs to be coDJugated Uke it. 
Ex. Aimer, manger, prier, diner, donner, &c. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 
Je parhj I ppeak. Nous ynarigcons, we eat. Tu aimes^ 
thou lovest. Voiis priez, you pray. // dine, be dinee Ih 
donnent, they give, &;c 

EX. SECOND CONJUGATION. 
. Model verb Punir \ verbs to be conjugated lite il. 
Bdtlr, polir, oheir, avertir, rougir, nourrir, &c. 

INDICATIVE IMPERFECT TENSE, 
Je batissaisj I was building. // oljeissnit, he wes obeying. 
Nous avertissionsy we were warninsf. Voiis roirgissvzy you 
were blushing. Its noiirrissaient , they were nouribhicg. 

EX. THIRD CONJCGATION. 
Model verb Recevoir; verbs to be conjugated lik*:^ it. 
Devoir J percevoir, &e. 

INDICATIVE PPtESENT TENSE, 
Te dois, I owe. 



74 CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

FUTURE TENSE. 
n percevra^ he will perceive, &c. 

EX. FOURTH CONJUOATEON. 

Model verb Rendre ; verbs to be conjugated like 5 
Ex. Battreydescendre^vendrey &c. 

. INDICATIYE FERFECT TENSE. 

Je hattisj I beat. 

Nous descendimes, we came down. 

II vendirent, they sold, &c. 

Please pay particular attention to the roots of 
the verbs, and the ramifications will soon appear to 
be quite simple. 

There are, among the list of 500 useful verbs, 
(which I have not selected with any regard to their 
conjugation, their regularity or irregularity,) about 
100 irregular, including compounds and repetitions, 
874 of the first conjugation, out of which I find two 
irregular (all the irregular that belong to this conju- 
gation) — 53 of the 2nd conjugaticn, cut of which 
there are 24 irregular. 

8 of the 3rd conjugation, of which there Sire about 
6 irregular. 

G8 of the 4th conjugation, of which there are 
about 40 irregular; but they consist chiefly of com- 
pound vcrLs. 

There are in tlie French language about 240 
irregukr verbs ; 3 of the 1st conjugation, 7- ^^f the 
2nd; 23 of the 3d, and 150 of the 4th conjugatioa, 
including the compound verbs, such as envoy er,^ r en- 
voy er, of the 1st conjugation. 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 75 

Venivj survenir, convenir^ &c. of the 2d conju- 
gation. 

Voh\ revoir, entrevoir, &c. of the 3d conjugation, 
mettre^ commettre^ soummettre^ promettre^ &e. of the 
4th conjugation. 

Bj compound verbs, I mean those which have a 
syllable (sometimes more) placed before the original 
verb, (as we may term it,) as we see above. Ex. 
original verb mettre before which I write co//i, re^ pro^ 
o, entre^ &c., making commeitre^ remettre^ promettrey 
omettre^ entremettre^ &c% 

In English, we have the same method of prefixing. 
Ex. com-mif^ per^mit^ suh-mifj &c. Alit is here the 
root ; but as the English language is such a compli- 
cated admixture of living and defunct dialects, of 
nearly all the nations in Europe, we need to be both 
scholars and linguists to trace the roots and origin 
of many of our words. But as I am not teaching 
Latin we will let mJt alone. 

I was wandering from my text in order to admin- 
ister a little* consolation to jny student, merely by 
informing him, that it is not so with the French 
language. In French it nn s' go by rule, v/ith but 
(comparatively) little variation ; so pray attend to 
the Eules, as you see them scattered along the way. 
The compounds of verbs (with very few trifling 
exceptions} are conjugated the same as the original. 
It follows then, that as there are about 120 com- 
pound verbs, viz: 2 of the 1st conjugation; about 



76 CONJUGATION OF VERBS, 

50 of the 2nd ; 7 of the 3d ; and over 60 of the 4th 
conjugation. There remain only about 120 irregular 
verbs, and those only irregular in part. 

There ic njt anything in the verbs difficult 
enough to excite alarm ; a thorough knowledge of 
a few staple verbs will serve as a fair key to the 
whole. For instance, let us take the 1st conjugation 
and use a different verb for every person throughout 
all the Moods. 

FIRST CONJUGATION ENDING IN ER. 

REOULAR. 

Present Infinitive. -—Parler, to speak. 
Present Participle. — Parlant, speaking. 
Past Participle. — Parle, spoken. Ayant parle, having 
spoken. Avoir parle, to have spoken. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je parle, I speak. Nous parlons, we speak. 

Tu paries, thou speakest. Vous parlez, you speak. 
II parle, he speaks. lis parlent, they speak, 

IMPERFECT. 

Je parlais, I was speaking. 
Tu parlais, thou wast speaking. 
II parlait, he was speaking. 
Nous parlions, we were speaking. 
Vous parliez, you were speaking 
lis parlaient, thej were speaking. 



CONJUGATION OF VEKBS. 77 

PERFECT DEFINITE. 

Je parlai, I spoke. Nous parlames, we spoke. 

Tu parlas, thou spokeJst. Vous parlates, you spoke. 
II parla, he spoke. lis parlereut, Ihey spoke 

FUTURE. 

Je parlerai, I shall or will Nous parlerous, we will speak, 
speak. Yous parlerez, you will speak. 

Tu parleras, thou wilt speak. lis parlerout, they will speak, 
U parlera, he will tpeak. 

CONDITIONAL PRESE^TT. 
Je parlerais, I should or wouM speak. 
Tu parlerais, thou woulnst speak. 
II parlerait, he would speak. 
Nous parlerions, we would speak. 
Vous parleriez, you would speak, 
lis parleraieut, they would speak. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Parle, speak, (thou.) Parlez, speak, (you.) 

Qu'il parle, let him speak Qu'ils parleut, let them speak. 

Parlous, let us speak. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que je parle, that I may speak. 

Que tu paries, that thou mayest speak 

Qu'il parle, that he may speak. 

Que nous parlions, that we may speak. 

Que vous parliez, that you may speak. 

Qu'ils parleut, that they may speak. 

SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERFECT. 
Que je parlasse, that I might speak. 



78 CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

Que tu parlasses, that thou mightest speak. 
Qu'il parlat, that he might speak. 
Que nous parlassions, that we might speak. 
Que vous parlassiez, that you might speak. 
Qu'ils parlassent, that they might speak. 

FIRST CONJUGATION, 

Conjugated with a variety of Verbs, 

INFINITIVE. 

Present. — Purler, to speak. 
Participle Present — Dinant, dining. 
Participle Past. — Soupe, supped. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

jHDUse, I abuse, Nous adorons, we adore. 

Tu accompagnes, thou ac- Vous affirmez, you affirm. 

3ompaniest. lis amusent, they arnus© 

U Hiimire, he admires, 

IMPERFECT. 

Je demandais, I was asking or did ask. 

Tu attachais, thou wast tying or did tie. 

II attaquait, he was attacking or did attack. 

Nous evitions, we were avoiding or did avoid. 

Vous baigniez, you were hathing or did bathe. 

lis ba^angaient, they were balancing or did balance 

PERFECT. 

Je siipportal, I supported. Nous blamames, we blamed. 
Tu plias, thou bendedst Vous saignates, you bled. 

II paria, he betted. lis souffle rent, they blew. 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 79 

FUTURE. 

Je percerai, I will bore. 
Tu emprimteraf?, thou wilt borrow. 
II bravera, he will brave. 
Nous casserons, we will break. 
Vous apporterez, you will bring. 
lis dejeuneront, they will breakfast 

IMPERATIVE. 

Grille, broil, (thou.) Enterrez, bury, (you.) 

Qu'il bmle, let him burn. Qu'ils calculent, let theiv 
Achetons, let us buy. calculate. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT, 
Que j'appelle, that I may call. 
Que tu caresses, that thou may est caress. 
Qu'il porte, that he may carry. 
Que nous attrappions, that we may catch. 
Que vous demandiez, that you may ask. 
Qu'il nettoyent, that they may clean. 

I]MPERFECT. 

Que je changeasse, that I might change. 
Que tu chassasses, that thou mightest hunt. 
Qu'il commandat, that he might command. 
Que nous commen^assious, that we might begin. 
Que vous comparassiez, that you might compare. 
Qu'il composassent, that they might compose. 

SECOND CONJUGATION, ENDING IN IR 

REOULAR. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Punir, to punish. 

Participle Present. — Punissant, punishing. 



80 CONJUGATION OF VEKBS. 

Participle Past. — Puni, punished. Avoir puni, to have 
punished. Ayant puni, having punished. 

INDICATIVE. 

Je punis, I punish. Nous punissons, we punish. 

Tu punis, thou punishest. Vous punissez, you punish. 
II punit, he punishes. lis punissent, they punish. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je punissais, I was punishing. 
Tu punissais, thou wast punishing. 
II punissait, he was punishing. 
Nous punissions, we were punishing. 
Vous piinissiez, you were punishing, 
lis punissaient, they were punishing. 

PERFECT. 

Je punis, I punished. Nous punimes, we punished. 

Tu punis, thou punished. Vous punites, you punished. 
II punit, he punished. lis punirent, they punished. 

FUTURE. 

Je punirai, I shall or will Nous punirons, we will punish, 
punish. Vous punirez, you will punish. 

Tu puniras, thou wilt punish. lis puniront, they will punish. 
II puuira, he will punish. 

CONDITIONAL PRESENT, 

Je punirais, I would punish. 
Tu punirais, thou wouldst punish. 
II punirait, he would punish. 
Nous punirions, we would punish. 
Vous puniriez, you would punish, 
lis puniraient, they would punish. 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 81 



IMPERATIVE, 



Pauis, punish, (thou.) Punissez, punish, (you.) 

Qu'il punisse, let him punish. Qu'ils punissent, let them 
Punissons, let us punish. punish. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que je punisse, that I may punish. 
• Que tu punisses, that thou mayest punish. 

Qu'il punisse, that he may punish. 
Que nous punissions, that we may punish. 
Que vous punissiez, that you may punish, 
Qu'ils punissent, that they may punish 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je punisse, that I might punish. 

Que tu punisses, that thou mightest punish. 

Qu'il punit, that he might punish. 

Que nous punissions, that we might punish. 

Que vous punissiez, that you might punish. 

Qu'ils punissent, that they might punish. 

THIRD CONJUGATION, ENDING IN OIR. 

REOULAR. 

INFINITiyE MOOD. 

Present. — Recevoir, to receive. 
Participle Present.. — Recevant, receiving. 
Participle past. — Re^u, received. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 

Je re^ois, I receive, <fec. Nous re^evons. 

Tu re9oi8. Vous re^evez: 

II re^oit. lis re^oivent. 



si CONJUGATION OF VEllBS. 

mPEKFECT. 

Je recevais, I was receiving, Nous receviontf. 

&c. Vous receviez. 

Tu recevais. lis recevaient. 
II recevait. 

PERFECT. 

Je re^us, I received. Nous resumes. 

Tu re^us. Vous refutes. 

II re^ut. lis re^urent. 

FIGURE. 

Je recevrai, I shall receive, Nous recevrons. 

&c. Vous recevrez. 

Tu recevras. lis recevront 

II recevra. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je recevrais, I would re- Nous recevrions. 

ceive, &c. Vous recevriez 

Tu recevrais. lis recevraient. 

II recevrait. 

miPERATIVE. 

Re^ois, receive (thou.) Recevez, receive (you.) 

Qu'il re9oive, let him re- Qu'ils re^oivent, let them 

ceive. receive. 

Recevons, let us receive. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESE]Srr. 

Que je receive, that I may Que nous recevions. 

receive. Que vous receviez. 

Que tu re9oive8. Qu'ils resolvent. 

Qu'il resolve. 



CONJUGATION OF VEHBS. 83 

IMPEKFECT. 

Que je re(^iisse, that I might Que nous re^ussionp. 

receive, &c. Que vous re<jus8iez. 

Que tu recusees. Qu'ils re^ussent. 
Qu'il re^ut. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION, ENDING IN RE. 
REQULAR. 

Vendre, to sell. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Vendre, to sell. 

Present Participle. — Vendant, selling. 

Past Participle. — Vendu, sold. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 

Je Tend, I sell. Nous veiidons, we sell. 

Tu vends, thou sellest, Vous vendez, you sell. 

II vends he sells. ^ lis, vendeut, they sell. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je vendais, I was selling. 
Tu vendais, thou wast selling. 
II vendalt, he w^as selling. 
Kous vendions, we were selling. 
Vous vendiez, you were selling. 
lis vendaient, they were selling 

PERFECT. 

Je vendis, I sold. Nous vendimes, we sold 

Tu vendis, thou soldest. Vous vendites, you sold. 

H vendit, he sold. lis vendirent, they sold. 



84 REFLECTED OR PERSONAL VERBS. 
FUTURE. 

Jevendrai, I shall or will sell. Nons yeudroiis, we will sell. 
Tu vendras, thou wilt sell. Vous vendrez, you will sell. 
li vendra, he will se;l. lis veudront, they will sell. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je vendrais, I would sell. Nous vend rious, w^e would sell. 

Tuvendrais, thou would'st sell. Vous vejidriez, you would sell. 
II vendrait, he would sell. lis veudraieut, they would sell. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Vends, sell (thou.) Vendez, sell (you.) 

Qu'il vende, let him sell. Qu'ils veudent. 

Vendons, let us sell. 

SUBJL^^CTIVE. 

Que je vende, that I may sell. 

Que tu vendes, that thgu mayest sell. 

Qu'il vende, that he may sell. 

Que nous vendions, that we may sell. 

Que vous vendiez, that you may sell. 

Qu'il s vendent, that they may sell. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je vendisse, that I m.ight sell. 

Que tu vendisses, that thou mightest sell. 

Qu'il vendit, that he might sell. 

Que nous vendissions, that we might sell. 

Que vous vendissiez, that you might sell. 

Qu'ils vendissent, that they might sell. 

OF REFLECTED OR PERSONAL VERBS. 

Reflected verbs are those v/hose subject and ob« 
ject are the same person. Verbs are often reflected in 
French, when thej are not so in English. When 



EEFLECTED OR PERSONAL VERBS. 85 

the person v/ho acts, is himself the object of the 
action, either direct or indirect^ then, the verb is re- 
flected or personal. Ex. Vous^ vous etes donne beau- 
coup de peine. You have given (or gave) yourself a 
great deal of trouble. // 5' habitue a V etude. He 
accustoms himself to study. Nous nous somrnes 
habilles avant dejeuner. We dressed (ourselves) before 
breakfast. The above are used in the reflected form in 
English. But not the following. Je me leve a qua- 
tre heures. I rise at 4 o'clock. Je me suis repenti. 
I have repented. Nous nous serious plaints. We 
should have complained, &c. 

In the compound tenses of reflected verbs, the 
verb, etre to be, takes the place of avoir^ to have, and 
must be in precisely the same mood, tense, number, 
and person as avoir , to have, would otherwise be. 

EXA3IPLE OF SIMPLE TENSES OF REFLECTED VERBS. 

INFINITIVE. 
Present. — Se lever, to get up. 
Participle Present. — Se lavant, washing one's self. 
Participle Past. — S^etre donnS, to have given one's self. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 
Je me repens, I repent. 
Tu te rases, thou shavest. 
11 or elle se tiie, he or she kills himself, herself. 
Nous nous projnenons, we walk. 
Vous vous rappelez, you recollect. 
Jls or elles sc vantent, they boast. 



TO UST OF OF IBREGULAR VERBS, 

I31PEIIFF0T. 

Je m€n allais, I was going away. 

Tut- imaginais, thou wast imagining to thyself!. 

// se mouchait, he was blowing his nose. 

Nous nous hdtionsj we were hastening. 

Vous vous deshabilliez, you were undressing. 

Us se bldmaient, they were blaming theniselves. 

And so on with the rest of the shnple tensea* 
Remember the corresponding pronouns. 

Je me, I, me. 

Til te, thou, thee. 

// se or elle se, itself, he himself, she herself. 

Nous, nous, we, us, ourselves. 

Voiis, vous, you, yourself, yourselves. 

Its se or elles se, they, themselves. 

EXAMPLE OF COMPOUND TENSES OF REFLECTED VERBS^ 

Jc me serai tevS, I shall have got up. 

Til te serais lavS, thou wouhl'st have washed. 

// s'est ras6, he has shaved. 

Nou^ nous sommes rappell6, we have recollected. 

Vous vous etes vant6, you have boasted. 

Us se sont imagine, they have imagined. 

Je me serais prom^jiS, I should have taken a welk. 

Observe both pronouns, the subject and object 
precede the verb, and the auxiliary in compound 
tenses. Except the imperative affirmative v/here 
the object is after. Ex. Levez-vous^ allcz-vous-en. 
Get up, go awaj. 



LIST OS" IKKEGULAJB YEEBS.. 



87 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ALL THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 





FIRST CONJUGATION. 




AlleTy 


<togO, 


Page 94. 


EnvoyeVf 


to send, 


Page 96. 


RenvotfeTt 


to send back, 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 


like envoyir. 


S'abstenirf 


to abstain, 


like veniT. 


Accourir, 


to run to, 


like courir. 


Accueillirj 


to welcome, 


like cueiUir. 


ApparteniVf 


to belong, 


like venir. 


AcquSriry 


to acquire, 


Page lOa 


Bouillir, 


to boil, 


Page 108. 


Concouriry 


to concur, 


like courir. 


ConquSrir, 


to conquer, 


like acqu6rif. 


Consentir, 


to consent. 


like sortir. 


Contenir, 


to contain, 


like venir. 


Contreveniry 


to contravene, 


like venir. 


ConveniTy 


to agree. 


like venir. 


CoiiriTy 


to run, 


Page 100. 


Couvriry 


to cover. 


like ouvrir. 


Cueilliry 


to gather, 


Page 102. 


D^couxrir^ 


to discover, 


like ouvrir. 


Dementiry 


to give the lie, 


like sortir. 


Se departiry 


to give up, 


like sortir. 


Desservir, 


to clear the table. 


like sortir. 


Dctenir, 


to detain, 


like venir. 


Dcvenir, 


to become, • 


like venir. 


Devetir, 


to undress, 


like revetir 


Disconveniry 


to disagree, 


like venir. 


Discouriry 


• to di.scui^.s, 


like couriry 


Dormir, 


to sleep, 


like sortiry 


Endormir^ 


to fall asleep. 


like sortiry 


S'endormir, 


to fall asleep, 


like sortir. 



88 



LIST OF IRKEGULAR VERBS. 



Encourtrf 
S' en fair, 
Entretenir^ 
Entrouvrir^ 

Entrevenir^ 

MainteniVy 

Mentir, 

Mourii\ 

ObteniTy 

Offrir, 

Ouvrir, 

Parcourirj 

FartiVy 

Pressentir, 

Parvenir d, 

Frevenir, 

Provenir, 

Recouriry 

RecouvriTy 

Recueillir, 

Redeveniry 

Se rendormir, 

Repartir, 

Se repeniiry 

Requerirt 

Ressentir, 

Rcssortivy 

Resouvenirj 

Retenirj 

Rcvenir, 

RevitiVy 

Secourir^ 

Sentir, 

Serviff 



to incur, 

to run away, 

to entertain, 

to partly open, 

to flee, to shun, 

to intervene, 

to maintain, 

to lie, 

to die, 

to obtain, 

to offer, 

to open, 

to run over, 

to go away, 

to forsee, 

to attain, 

to prevent, 

to proceed, 

to have recourse to, 

to recover, 

to collect, 

to become again, 

to fall asleep again, 

to set out again, 

to repent, 

to require, 

to resent, 

to go out again, 

to remember, 

to retain, 

to return, 

to invest, 

to succour, 

to feel, to smell, 

to serve, 



like courin 
like/wjr. 
like venir, 
like ouvrir. 
Page 105. 
like venir, 
like venir, 
like sortir. 
Page 106. 
like tenir, 
like ouvrir. 
Page 98. 
like courtr. 
like sortir. 
like sortir. 
like venir. 
like venir. 
like venir. 
like courir, 
like ouvrir. 
like cueillir. 
like venir, 
like sortir, 
like sortir. 
like sortir. 
like acquerir, 
like sortir. 
like sortir. 
like venir. 
like venir. 
like venir. 
Page 104. 
like courir, 
like sortir. 
like sortir. 



UST OF IRREGULAE TEKB3. 



89 



Sortir, 


to go out, 


Page 99. 


Soiijrir, 


to suffer, 


like ouvrir. 


Soutemr, 


to Bustaiu, 


like venir. 


Se Souvenir^ 


to remember, 


like venir. 


Siihvauir. 


to supply, 


like venir. 


Survcnir^ 


to befnll, 


like venir. 


Tenir, 


to hold, 


like venir. 


Tresaaillir, 


to start, 


Page 107. 


Vmir, 


to come, 


Page 97. 


Fetir, 


to clothe, 
THIKD CONJUGATION. 


like reveiir. 


Asscoirj 


to sit down. 


Page 110. 


S^asseoir, 


to sit do WD, 


like asseoir. 


Decholr., 


to decay. 


Page 111. 


Echo IT, 


to fall due, to expire. 


like dechoir. 


Emoucoiry 


to stir up, 


like mouvoir. 


Entrevoii'j 


to glance, 


like voir. 


Eqidvaloir 


to be equivalent to, 


like valoir 


Falloir, 


to be necessary. 


Page 114. 


Mouvoir, 


to move. 


Page 112. 


Pleuvoir, 


to rain. 


Page 115. 


Pouvoir, 


to be able. 


Page 117 


Pour coir ^ 


to provide. 


Page 115. 


Precoir, 


to foresee. 


like voir. 


Preaaloir^ 


to prevail. 


like valoir. 


Revaloij-^ 


to return an equivalent, 


like valoir. 


Raaseoir, 


to reseat one's self, 


like asseoir 


Revoi J 


to see again. 


like voir. 


Savoir, 


to know. 


Page 118. 


Seoir, 


to fit, to become, 


Page 120. 


Surseolr, 


to supersede, 


Page 115. 


Valoir, 


to be worth, 


Page 113. 


Voir, 


to see. 


Page 116. 


Vouloii\ 


to be willing, 


Fa-o 119 



90 



MST OP IRREGULAH VEEBS. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



Ahsoudre, 

Abstraire, 

Accroitre, 

Admettrej 

Apparditrej 

Apprendre^ 

Astreindref 

Atteindre, 

Boire, 

Braire, 

Ceindre, 

Circoncirty 

Circonscrirej 

Clore, 

Commettre, 

ComparaitrCy 

Complaire, 

Comprendre, 

Compromcttre^ 

Conclure, 

Conduire, 

Coyifirey 

ConjoindrCy 

Connaitre, 

ConstruirCf 

Contraindrej 

Contredire, 

Contrcfairey 

Com' (line re f 

Coudre, 

Craindre 

Croire, 

Croitre, 



to absolve, 

to abstract, 

to accrue, 

to admit, 

to appear, 

to learn, 

to restrain, 

to attain, 

to drink, 

to bray, 

to gird, 

to circumcise, 

to circumscribe, 

to shut, 

to commit, 

to nppear, 

to comply with, 

to understand, 

to compromise, 
to conclude, 

to conduct, 

to picivle, 
to join togethei, 
to know, 
to construct, 
to compel, 
to contradict, 
to counterfeit, 
to convince, 
to sew, 
to fear, 
to believe, 
to grow up. 



like risoudrt, 
like traire, 
like connaitre, 
like mettre. 
like connaitre. 
like prendre. 
like peindre. 
like peindre. 
Page 128. 
Page 129. 
like peindre, 
like dire. 
like ScHre, 
Page 130. 
like mettre. 
like connaitre. 
like plaire. 
like prendre. 
like Tdcttre. 
Page 133. 
like traduire. 
like rire. 
like peindre. 
Page 123. 
like traduire. 
like peindre. 
like dire. 
like /« ire. 
like vaincre 
P;-ge 138. 
like peindre. 
Page 139. 
like connaitre, 



UST OF lEKEGULAB VEEBS. 



91 



DScoudrct 

DScrirCj 

DScroitret 

Se dSdire, 

Deduire^ 

D if aire, 

Dt defaircj 

DijoindrCj 

Demettrej 

Se demettrey 

Deplaire, 

Desapprendrct 

Deteindre, 

Detruire^ 

Dire, 

Disparaitrej 

Dissoiidrej 

DistrairCf 

Eclore, 

Ecrire^ 

Edire^ 

Emoudrey 

Enceindre, 

Enclore^ 

Enduire^ 

EnfreindrCf 

Enjoindre, 

S'entremettrey 

Entreprendre, 

Epreindre, 

Eteindre, 

E.tclurey 

Extraire 

FairCf 



to cook, 

to unsew, 

to describe, 

to decrease, 

to recant, 

to deduct, 

to undo, 

to get rid of, 

to disjoin, 

to disjoint, 

to abdicate, « 

to displease, 

to unlearn, 

to discolor, 

to destroy, 

to tell, 

to disappear, 

to dissolve, 
to distract, 
to hatch, 
to write, 
to elect, 
to grind, 
to encompass, 
to enclose, 
to daub, 
to infringe, 
to enjoin, 
to intermeddle, 
to undertake, 
to squeeze out, 
to extinguish, 
to exclude, 
to extract, 
to make, to do, 



like traduire. 
like coudre. 
like ecrire. 
like connaitre. 
like dire. 
like traduire, 
like /aire, 
like faire. 
like peiudre. 
like mettre. 
like mettre. 
like plaire. 
like prendre. 
like peiudre, 
like traduire. 
Page 135. 
like connaitre 
like rSsoudre, 
like traire. 
Page 131. 
Page 129. 
like lire. 
like moudre. 
like peindre. 
like clore. 
like traduire. 
like peindre, 
like peindre. 
like mettre. 
like prendre. 
like peindre. 
like ptindre. 
like conclurc. 
like traire. 
Page 136. 



92 



LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Feindre, 

Frire, 

Induire, 

^nscrire, 

histruire^ 

Intredire, 

Introduirej 

JoindrSy 

Lire J 

Luire, 

Maudire, 

Bledire, 

Meconnoitrey 

Se meprendref 

Mettre, 

Moudre, 

Naitref 

Nuire, 

Oindref 

Omettre, 

Paitre, 

ParaitrCj 

Peindrej 

Pei'mettre, 

Plaindre, 

Se plaindre^ 

Plaire, 

Se plaire dj 

PoursuivrSf 

Pi'Sdire, 

Prendre, 

PrSscrire, 

Proscrire, 

Produire, 

Promettrtf 



to feign, 
to fry, 
to induce, 
to inscribe, 
to instruct, 
to interdict, 
to introduce, 
to join, 
to read, 
to shine, 
to curse, 
to slander, 
not to know, 
to mistake, 
to put, 
to grind, 
to be born, 
to harm, 
to anoint, 
to omit, 
to graze, 
to appear, 
to paint, 
to permit, 
to pity, 
to complain, 
to please, 
to delight in, 
to pursue, 
to foretell, 
to take, 
to prescribe, 
to proscribe, 
to produce, 
to promise, 



like peindre. 
like fire. 
like traduire, 
like icrire. 
like traduire. 
like dire. 
like traduire. 
like pcindre. 
Page 140. 
like traduire, 
like dire. 
like dire. 
\\kQ connaitre. 
like prendre. 
Page 124. 
Page 141. 
Page 143. 
like traduire. 
like peindre. 
like mettre. 
like connaitre. 
like connaitre. 
Page 127. 
like mettre. 
like peindre. 
like peindre. 
Pags3 131. 
like plaire. 
like suivre. 
like dire. 
Page . F^. 
like ecrire. 
like 6crire. 
like tradiure. 
like metire. 



LIST OF IKEEGULAR VEEBS. 



93 



Rcboire, 

ReconduirCf 

Reconnaitre^ 

Recoudre^ 

R^crirej 

Recuirej 

RedSfairCf 

Rtdire^ 

RSduire^ 

Refaire^ 

Relire^ 

Reluire^ 

Remettre, 

Remoudrct 

Renaitre^ 

Rentraire, 

Repaitre^ 

Reprendre^ 

Resoudre^ 

Restreindre, 

Revivre, 

Rire, 

Satisfairci 

SSduire^ 

Soumettre^ 

Sourire, 

Souscrire, 

Soustraire^ 

Suivrci 

Suffire, 

Surfairey 

SurprendrCf 

SurvivT^Cy 

Se taircy 

Teindre, 



to drink again, 
to lead back, 
to know again, 
to sew again, 
to write again, 
to cook again, 
to undo again, 
to say again, 
to reduce, 
to do again, 
to read again, 
to shine, 
to remit, 
to grind again, 
to revive, 
to fine draw, 
to feed, 
to take again, 
to resolve, 
to restrain, 
to live again, 
to laugh, 
to satisfy, 
to seduce, 
to submit, 
to smile, 
to subscribe, 
to subtract, 
to follow, 
to suffice, 
to overcharge, 
to surprise, 
to survive, 
to be silent, 
to dye, 



like hoire. 
like traduire, 
like connditre. 
like condre. 
like Scrire. 
like traduire. 
like f aire. 
like dire. 
like traduire, 
like /aire. 
like lire. 
like traduire, 
like mettre, 
like moudre. 
like naitre. 
like traire. 
like connaitre, 
like prendre. 
Page 120. 
like peindre, 
like vivre. 
Page 1 42 
like /aire, 
like traduire. 
like mettre. 
like rire. 
like ecrire. 
like traire. 
Page 144. 
like dire, 
like/flirc. 
\Wq prendre, 
like vivre. 
like traire. 
like peindre. 



94 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS- 



Traduire^ 

Traire, 

TranscHrCy 

Transmettref 

VaincrCj 

Vivre, 



to translate, 
to milk, 
to transcribe, 
to transmit, 
to conquer, 
to live. 



Page 134. 
Page 122. 
like Scrire, 
like mettre. 
Page 137. 
Page 145. 



CONJUGATION OF ALL THE IRREGULAR VERBS OP 

THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Aller,^ to go. 
Participle Present. — Allant, going 
Participle Past. — AUe, alh6, gone. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 



RESENT. 



Je vais, I go or am going. 
Tu vas, thou goest. 
11 va, he goes. 



Nous aliens, we go. 
Vous allez, you go. 
lis vont, they go 



IMPERFECT, 



J'allais, I was going. 

Tu allais, thou wast going. 

II allait, he was going. 



Nous allions, we were going. 
Vous alliez, you were going. 
lis allaient, they were going. 



* To conjugate a verb in the compound tenses, with etre, to be, in- 
Btead of avoir, to have, is simply to consider the verb as passive, as in 
Enr^iish, I'am beaten, Beateii is passive, ^nd is conjugated with the verb 
*'o be. So in French we say, je suis alUe, I am gone ; instead of fai alU^ 
I liave gone, &c. Alter, without the pronoun, merely means to go any 
wliere, and not to go away, as go means in Englisli ; ien alter is to go 
away : it will be found conjugated elsewhere, as a reflected verb. 



COIfJUOAHON OF IRREGrLAR VEKBS. 95 

PERFECT. 

J'allai, I went. Nous uUaraes, we went. 

Tu alias, thou wentest; Yous allates, you yent. 

11 alia, lie went. lis allerent, the j went. 

FUTURE. 

J'irai, I shall go. Nous irons, we will go. 

Tu iras, thou shalt go. Yous irez, you will go. 

II ira, he will go. lis iront, they will go. 

CONDITIONAI.. 

• 

J'irais, I would go. Nous irions, we would go. 

Tu irais, thou wouldst go. Yous iriez, you would go. 
II irait, he would go. lis iraient, they would go. 

ISIPERATIVE. 

Va, go, (thou.) Allez, go^ (you.) 

Qu'il aille, let him go. Qu'ils aillent, let them go. 

Allons, let us go. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que j 'aille, that I may go. 
Que tu allies, that thou mayest go. 
Qu'il aille, that he may go. 
Que nous allions, that we may go 
Que vous aliiez, that you may go. 
Qu'ils aillent, that they may go. 



96 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAK VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que j'allasse, that I might go. 
, Que tu allasses, that thou mightest go. 
Qu'il allat, that he might go. 
Que nous allassions, that we might go. 
Que vous allassiez, that you might go. 
Qu'ils allassent, that they might go 

Envoyer, to send, 
Renvoyer, to send back. 

Conjugated precisely the same as parler^ and ir- 
regular only, in the future and conditional tenses. 

FUTURE. 

J'enverrai, ras, ra, rons, rez, ront. 
CONDITIONAL. 

J'enverrais, rais, rait, rions, riez, raient. 
These are all the irregular verbs there are of the 
first conjugation, and the first conjugation contains 
three parts of the verbs of the French language. 

Conjugation of all the irregular verbs of the second 
conjugation^ ending in ir. 

As all French verbs have the same terminations 
i» the imperfect, future and conditional, I shall give 
only the first person of those tenses. 

Tenir^ to hold, and all verbs ending in tenir, ve- 
nir, &c. are conjugated like Venir as follows : 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAK VERBS, 97 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Venir, to come. 
Participle Present. — Venant,- coming. 
Participle Past. — Venn, come. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je viens, I coraae, &c. Viens, Vient, Venons, Venez, 
Viennent. 

IMPERFECT. 
Je venais, I was coming, &c 

PERFECT. 

Je Tins, I came, [&c. Vins, vint, vinmes, Tintee. vin- 
rent 

FUTURE. 

Je viendrai, I will come, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je viendrais, I would or should come, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Viens, come, (thou.) Qu'il Tienne, let him come. Ve- 
nons, venez, qu'ils viennent. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je vienne, that I may come, &c. Viennes, Tieime, 
Tenions, veniez, viennent. 



98 CONJUGATION OF ISREGULAR VEKBS* 

IMPEEFECT. 

Queje vinsse, that I might come, ifec. Vinsses, vint, 
vinssions, vinssiez, vinssent. 

Souffirir to suffer. Ouvrir to open. Entr'ouvrir, to partly 
open. Couvrir, to cover, and all compounds of ou^>k. and 
couvrir are conjugated as follows, like 

OUVRIR TO OPEN. 

INFINITIYE MOOD. 

Present. — Ouvrir, to f pen. 

Participle Present. — Ouvrant, opening. 

Participle Past. — Ouvert, Opened. 

INDICATIYE MOOD. 

PKESEKT TENSE. 

J'ouvre, I open, <fec. Ouvres, Ouvre, Ouvrons, Ouvrei 
Ouvrent. 

IMPERFECT. 

J'ouvrais, I was opening, &c. 

PEEFECT. 

J'ouvris, I opened, &c. Ouvris, ouvrit, ouvnmes, ouv- 
rites, ouvrireut. 

FUTURE, 

J'ouvrirai, I will rpen, &c. 

CONDITIONAI^ 

J'ouvrirals, I would open, &c. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 99 

IMPEEATIYE MOOD. 

Ouvre, open, (thou.) Quil ouvre, let him open. Ou?- 
rons, let us open. Ouvrez, open, (you.) Qu'ils ouvrent, let 
them open. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que j'ouvre, that I may open, &c. Ouvres, ouvre, ouv- 
rions, ouvriez, ouvrent. 

IMPERFECT. 
Que j'ouvrisse, that I might open, &c. Ouvrisses, ouvrit, 
ouvrissions, ouviissiez, ouvrissent. 
Consentir, to consent. Pressentir, to foresee. 

Dementir, to give the lie. Se rendormir, to fall asleep 
Se departir, to give up. again; 

Desserrir, to clear the table. Eepartir, to set out again. 
Dormir, to sleep. Se repentir, to repent. 

Endormir, to lull asleep. Eessentir, to resent. 

S'endormir, to fall asleep. Ressortir, to go out again. 
Mentir, to lie. Servir, to serve, to use. 

Partir, to set out. Sentir, to feel, to smell. 

Are conjugated as follows ; like 

SORTIR, TO GO OUT. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Soi-tir, to go out. 

Participle Present. — So^'tant, going out. 

Participle Past. — Sorti, gone out. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je sors, I go out, &c. Sors, sort, sortons, sortez, sor- 
tent. 



100 CONJUGATION OF IRPuEGULAB VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 
Je sortais, I was going out, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je sortie, I went out, &c. Sortis, sortit, sortimes, sor- 
tites, sortirent. 

FUTURE. 
Je sortirai, I shall or will go out, &c, 
CONDITIONAI.. 
Je sortirais, I would or should go out, &c. Rais, rait, 
rions, riez, raient. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sors, go out (thou.) Qu'il sorte, let him go out. Sortone, 
let us go out, Sortez, go out (you.) Qu'ils soi-tent, let theui 
go out. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je sorte, that I may go out. Soiies, sorte, sortions, 
Bortiez, sortent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je sortlsse, that I may go out, &c. Sortisses. Sortit 
Sortissions. Sortissiez. Sortissent. 

Accourir, to run to. Concourir, to concur. Discourir, 
to discourse. Encourir, to incur. Parcourir, to run over. Re" 
courir,to have recourse to. Secourir, to succor, are conju* 
gated as follows : like 

COURIR, TO RUN. 

INFINTrVE MOOD. 

Present — Courir, to run. 

Participle Present — Courant, running. 

Participle Past—Couiu, run. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 101 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je cours, I run, &c. Cours. II court. Courons. Cou- 
rez. Courent. 

IMPERFECT. 
Je courais, I was running. 

PERFECT. 
Je courus, I ran, &c. Courus. Courut. Courumes. Cou- 
rutes. Coururent. 

FUTURE. 
Je courrai, I will run, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je courrais, I would run, &c. 

IMPER.VTIVE. 

Cours, run (thou.) Qu'il coure, let him run. Courons, 
let us run. Courez, run (you.) Qu'ils courent, let them run. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que je coure, that I may run. Coures. Coure. Courions. 
Couriez. Courent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je courusse, that I might run. Courusses. Courut. 
Courussions. Courussiez. Courusseut. 

Accueillir, to welcome. Recueillir, to collect, 
are conjugated as follows : like cueillir, to gather. 



102 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 

INFINITIVE. 

Cueillir, to gather. Participle Present — Cueillant, ga- 
thering. Participle Past. — Cueilli, gathered. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 

Je cueille, I gather, &lg. Cueilles. Cueille. Cueillone. 
Cueillez. Cueillent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je cueillais, I was gathering, &c. 

PERFECT. 
Je cueillis, I gathered, &c. Cueillis. Cueillit. Cueih 
limes. Cueillites. Cueillirent. 

FUTURE. 

Je cueillerai, I will gather. «fec. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je cueillerais, I would gather, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Cueille, gather (thou.) 
Qu'il cueille, let him gather. 
Cueill(>ns, let us gather 
Cueillez, gather (you.) 
Qu'ils cueillent, let them gather 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que je cueille, that I may gather, &c. Cueilles, cueille, 
cueillions, cueilliez, cueillent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je cueillisse, that I may gather, &c. Cueillisses 



CONJUGATION OF lEREGULAE VERBS. 103 

cueillit, cueillissione, ciiellissiez, cueillissent. Coiic[u4rir, to 
conquer. Acquerir, to acquire. 

Requerir, to require, are conjugated alike. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Acquerir, to acquire. 
Participle Pre sent. — Acquerant, acquiring. 
Participle Past. — Acquis, acquired. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PKESENT. 

^ J'acquiers, I acquire, <fec., acquiers, acquiert, acqueroiu^ 
aequerez, acquierent. 

IMPERFECT. 

J^acquerais, I was acquiring, &c 

PERFECT. 

J'acquis, I acquired, &c. Acquis, acquit, acquimes, 
acquites, acquirent. 

FUTURE. 
J^acquerrai, I will acquire, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
J'acquerrais, I would acquire, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Acquiers, acquire (thou.) 
Qu'il acquiere, let him acquire. 
Acquerons, let us acquire. 



104 CONJUGATION OF IllPvEGULAR VEIiBS. 

Acquerez, ac(|uire (you.) 

Quik acquiertut, let tiiem acquire. 

SUBJimCTIYE MOOD. 

PKESENT. 

Que j'acquiere, that I may acquire, &c. Acqui^res, 
acquiere, acqueiions, acqueneZj acquierent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que j'acquisse, that I might acquire. Acqmsses, acquit. 
acquisitions, acquibbitz, acquifNSent. 

Se develir, to uiidief?8, ictvetir, to invest. Vetir, to clothe, 
are conjugated like iL-veiii. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Kevetir, to invest. 

Participle Present. — lievetant, investing. 

Participle Past. — Revetu, invested. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Je revets, I invest, &c. Eevets, revet, revetons revetez, 
revetent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je revetais. I invested, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je revetis, I invested, &c. Revetis, revetit, ^.evetimea, 
revetites, revetirent. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 105 

FUTURE. 
Je revetirai, I shall invest, <&c, 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je revetirais, I would invest. 

IMPERATIVE, 

Revets, invest (thou.) 
Qu'il revete, let him invest. 
Revetons, let us invest. 
Qu'Us revetent, let them invest. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que je revete, that I may invest. Revetes, revets, rev^- 
tions, revetiez, revetent. 

IMPERFECT. 
Quejerevetisse, that I might invest. Revetisses, revetit, 
revetissions, revetissiez, revetissent. Fuir, to shun, avoid. 
S'enfuir, to run away, are conjugated alike. 

INFINITIYE MOOD. 

Present. — Fuir, to shun. 

Participle Present — Fuyant, shunning. 

Participle Past. — Fui, shunned. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je fiiis, I ehun, &c. Fuis, fuit, fuyons, fuyez, fuient 

IMPERFECT. 

Je fuyais, I shunned, &c. 



106 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 
PERFECT. 

Je fuis, I shunned, &c. Fuis, fuit, fuimes, fuites, fuirent, 

FUTURE. 

Je fuirai, I will shun, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je fuirais, I would shun, &c. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Fuis, shun (thou.) Fuyez, shun (you.) 

Qu'il fuie, let him shun. Qu'ils fuient, let them shun. 

Fuyons, let us shun. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Que je fuie, that I may shun, &c. Fuies^ fuie, fuyiona. 
fd^iez, fuient. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je fuisse, that I might shun, &c. Fuisses, fuit, fuissions, 
fiiissiez, fuissent. 

Mourir, to die. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Participle Present. — Mourant, dying. 
Participle Past. — Mouru, died. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Je meurs, I die, &c. Meurs, meurt, mourons, mourez, 
meurent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je mourais, I was dying, &c. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 107 

PERFECT. 
Je moiinis, I died, &c. Mourns, mounit, mourumes, 
mourutes, moururent. 

FUTURE, 
Je mourrai, I shall die, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je mourrais, I should die, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Meurs, die (thou.) Mourez, die (you.) 

Qu'il meure, let him die. Qu'ils meurent, let them die. 

MouroDB, let us die. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que je meure, that I may die. Meures, meure, mourions, 
mouriez, meurent. 

UVIPERFFCT. 

Que je mourusses, that I might die. Mourusses, mourut* 
mourussions, mourussiez, mourussent. 

Tressailiirj to start, 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present.— Tressaillir, to start. 

Participle Present.— Tressaillant, startling. 

Participle Past. — Tressailli, started. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 

Je tressaille, I start, &c. Tressailles, tressaille, tres- 
eaillons, tressaille;^, tressaillent. 



108 CONJUGATION OF IRREGtJLAE VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 
Je tressaillais, I was starting, &o, 

PERFECT. 

Je tressaillis, I started. Tressaillis, tressaillit, tret 
saillimes, tressaillites, tressaillirent. 

* FUTURE. 

Je tressaillerai, I will start, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je tressaillerais, I should start, &c. 
No Imperative. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je tressaille, that I may start. Tressaiiles, tressaille, 
tressaillions, tressailliez, tressaillent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je tressaillisse, that I might start. Tressaillissea, 
tr^ssaillit, tressaillissions, tressaillissiez, tresBaillissent. 

Bouillir, to boil. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Bouillir, to boil. 

Participle Present.— Bouillant, boiling. 

Participle Past. — Bouilli, boiled. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je bona, I boil. Bous, bout, bouillons, bouillex, bouilleat. 



CONJUGATION OF IKKEGULAR VEEBS. 109 

IMPERFECT. 

Je bouillais, I was builiug, &.c. 

«, 

PERFECT. 

Je bouillis, I boiled, &c. .Bauillis, bouilllt bouillimes, 
bouillites, bouillirent. 

FUTITRE. 

Je bouillerai, I shall boil. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je bouilleraifi, I would boiL 

I^fPERATIVE. 

Bous, boil (thou.) Bouillez, boil (you.) 

Qu'il boui le, let him boil. Qu'ils bouillent, let them boiL 

Bouillons, let us boil. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT. 

Que je bouille, that I may boil. Bouilles, bouille, 
bouillions, bouilliez, bouillent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je bouillisse. that I Tni^ht boll. Bouillisses, bouillit, 
bouillissions, bouillissiez, b uillissent. 

Conjugation of all the irregular verbs of the third 
conjugation ending in oir: 

As the terminalions of the imperfect, furore nnd condi- 
tional are the same in all the French verbs, I shall now give 
only the first persui of these tenses. 

Asseoir, s'asseoir, to sit down. Rasseoir, to sit down 
again, conjugated alike 



110 CONJUGATION OF IRKEGULAIi YEEBS. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Apseoir, to sit down. 
Participle Present — Asseyant, sitting down- 
Participle Past.— Assis, sat down. 

INmCATIYE MOOD. 

PP.ESENT. 

J'assieds, I sit, &c. Assieds, assied, asseyons, asseyez, 
asseient. 

IMPERFECT, 

J'asseyais, I was sitting, &c. 

PERFECT. 

J^assis, I sat, &c Assis, assit, assimes, assites, assirent. 

FUTURE. 

J'assierai, I shall sit, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
J'assierais. I would sit, &c. 

BiPEEATIVE MOOD. 

Assieds, sit, (thou.) Qiril a.sseie, let him sit. Asseyons, 
let us sit, Asseyez, sit, (you.) Qivil.s asseient, let them sit. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Que j'asseie, that I may sit, &c. Asseie??, asseie, assey- 
ions, asseyiez, asseient. 

IMPERFECT 

Que j'assisse, that I mii^ht sit, &c. Assisses, assit, as* 
dssions, assissiez, assissent. 
Dechoir, to decay, Echoir to -expire, are conjugated alike. 



COXJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. Ill 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Declioir, to decay. 
Participle Present. — Not used. 
Participle Past. — Dc^chu. decayed. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je dechois, I decay, &c. Dechois, declioit, dechoyons, 
dechoyez, dechoient. 

I3IPERFECT. 

Je dechoyais, I was decaying, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je dechus, I decayed, &c. Dechus, decliut, dechumes, 
decMtes, dechurent. 

FUTURE. 
Je decherrai, I ghall decay, &c. 

CONDiTIOXAL. 

Je decherrais, I fciii-uld decay, &c. 

No luiperative. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je declioie, that I may decay, &c. Dechoies, de- 
choie, dech^yioni;, dechoylez, dechoient. 

IJIFEEFECT. 

Que je deehusse, that I might decay, &c. Dechusses, 
dechut, deehui«;fsioi'i?, dechii&hit z. dechutstnt. 

EinouYoir, t-j stir up. Mvuvoir, to move, are conjugated 
alike. 



112 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 

INFINITIVE MOOD, 

Present. — Mouvoir, to move. 
Participle Present. — Mouvant, moving. 
Participle Past. — Mu, moved. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Je mens, I move, &c. Mens, meut, mouvons, mouTez, 
meuvent. 

IIMPERFECT. 
Je mouvais, I was moving, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je mus, I moved. Mus, mut, miimes, mutes, murent. 

FUTURE. 
Je mouvrai, I shall move, &c, 
CONDITIONAIv. 
Je mouvrais, I should move, &c. 
uviperativf:. 
Meus, move (thou.) Qu'il meuve, let him move. Mou- 
vons, let us move. Mouvez, move (you.) Qu'ils meuvent, 
let them move. 

i 
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

present. 

Que je meuve, that I may move. Meuves, meuve, mon- 
vione, niouviez, meuvent 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je musee, that I might move. Musses, mut, museioES^ I 
mussiez, mussent. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VEEBS. 113 

Eqiiivaloir, to be equivalent to. Pr 'valoir, to prevail. 
Revaloir, to retiirii au equi valiant. Valoir, to be worth, are 
conjugated alike. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Valoir, to be woi*tli. 
Parti.-iple Present.— V;ilant, b.^ing worth, 
PartiLiple Pi.st. — Valii, been worth, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PEESE^^. 

Je vaux, I am worth, &c. Vaux, vant, Talons, valez, 
valent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je valais, I was worth, <fec. 

PERFECT. 

Je valus, I was worth, &.e. Valns, valut, valumes, valiites, 
Talurent. 

FUTuEE. 
Je vaudrcii, I sliall be worth, &c. 

COXDITIONAL. 

Je vaudrais, I should be worth, &e. 

BIFEEATIYE MOOD. 

Vaux, be worth (thou.) Qu'il vaille, let liim be wortii 
Valons, let u< le uorth. Va-lez, be worth (you.) Qu'ils 
vaillent, let them be \\orth. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT, 

Que jeva^:b% that I may be worth. Vailles, vaille, valions, 
vallez, vaillent. 



114 CONJIJGA'nON OF IBREGULAR VERBS* 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je valusse, that I might be worth. Valusses, v&lut, 
valussions, valussiez, valussent. 

Falloir, to be necessary, is used only in the third person 
gingnlar. 

INFINITIYE MOOD. 

Present. — Falloir, to be necessary. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

II faut, it is necessary. 

IMPERFECT. 

II fallait, it was necessary. 

PERFECT. 

II fallut, it was necessary. 

FUTURE. 

II faudra, it will be necessary, 

CONDITIONAL. 
II faudrait, it would be necessary. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Qu'il faille, that it may be necessary 

IMPERFECT. 

Qu'il fallut, that it might be necessary. 
Pleuvoir, to rain, is only used as follow s : — 



CONJUGATION OF lEREGULAK VERB3. 115 

iNFiNrnyE mood. 

Present. — Pleuvoir, to rain. 
Pai-tic-iple Present. — Pleuvaiit, raining. 
Past Participle.— Plu, rained. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESEisrr. 

II pleut, it rains. 

liVIPERFECT. 
II pleuvait, it was raining. 

PERFECT. 
II pint, it rained 

FUTURE. 

II pleiivra, it will rain. 

CONDITIONAL. 
II pleuvrait, it would rain. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Qu'U pleuve, that it may rain. 

IMPERFCT. 

Qu'il pint, that it mijzht rain. 

Pourvoir, to provide. Prevoir, to foreBce. hnrseoir, to 
supersede, are conjugated alike. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present — Prevoir, to foresee. 
Participle Present. — Prevoyant, foreseeing. 
Participle Past. — Prevu, foreseen. 



lit) CONJUGATION OF lEEEGULAK VERBS. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PEESENT. 

Like voir. 

IMPERFECT. 

Like voir. 
PERFECT. 

Like voir. 

FUTURE. 

Je pourvoirai, I will provide, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je poiirvoirais, I would provide, &c. 
Imperative and subjunctive, like voir. 
Voir, to see. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Voir, to see. 

Participle Present. — Voyant, seeing. 

Participle Past. — Yu, seen. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Je vols, I see, &c. Vois, voit, voyons, voyez, voieat. 

BIPERFECT. 

Je voyais, I was seeing, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je vis, I saw, &c. Vis, vit, vimes, vites, virent. 

FUTUTIE. 
Je verrai, I shall see, &c. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 117 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je verrais, I should see, &c. 
IMPERATIVE. 

Vois, see, (thou.) Qu'il voie, let hiin see. Voyons, let 
us see. Voyez, see, (you.) Qu'ils voient, let them see. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je voie, that I may see, &c. Voies, voie, voyiuns, 
voyiez, voient. 

IIVIPERFECT. 

Que je visse, that I might see, &c. Yisses, vit, vissions, 
vissiez, vissent. 

POUVOIR, TO BE ABLE. 

mFINITIYE MOOD. 

Present. — Pouvoir, to be able. 
Participle Present. — Pouvant, being able. 
Participle Past. — Pu, been able. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Je puis or peux, I am able, &c. Peux, peut, pouvons^ 
|>ouvez, peuvent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je pouvais, I was able, &c. 

PERFECT. 
Je pus, I was able, &c. Pus, put, pumes, putes, purent. 
FUTURE, 

Je pourrai, I shall be able, &c. 



118 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR TEKBS, 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je pourrais, I should be able ; rrais, rrait, rrions, rriez, 
rraient. 

Imperative not used. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je puisse, that I may be able, &c. Puisses, puisse, 
puissions, puissiez, puissent. 

liViPERFECT. 

Que je pusse, that I might be able, &c. Pusses, put, 
pussions, pussiez, pusseut. 

SAVOIR, TO KNOW. 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Savoir, to know. 

Participle Present. — Sachant, knowing. 

Participle Past. — Su, known. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 

Je sais, I know, &c. Sais, salt, savons, savez, savent 

IMPERFECT. 

Je savais, I knew, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je sus, I knew, &c. Sus, sot, sumes, sutes, surent. 

FUTURE. 

Je saurai, I shall know, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je saurais, I should know, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Sais, know, (thou. ) Qu'il sache, let him know. Sachons, 
iet us know. Sachez, know, (you.) Qu'ils sachent, let 
them know. 



CONJUGATION OF IKREGULAIl VEF.BS. 119 
SUBJUNCTIVE PEESENT. 

Que je saclie, that I may know, &,c. Saches, sache, 
eachions, sachiez, sacheiit. 

IMPEKFECT. 

Que je susse, that I miglit know, &c. Susses, sut, sus- 
sious, sussiez, sussent. 

Vouloir, to wish or to be willing. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Youloir. to be willing. 
Participle Present. — Youlant, being willing. 
Participle Past. — Voulu, been willing. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je veux, I am willing, &c. Yeux, Tent, voulons, voulez, 
veulent. 

I^IPERFECT. 

Je voulais. I was willing, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je voulus, I was willing, &c. Youlus, Youliit, Youluines, 
voulutes, voulurent. 

FUTURE. 

Je Youdrai, I shall be willing, <&c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je Youdrais, I should be willing, &c. 

IJMPEEATIVE. 

Used only in the second person plural, veuillez, signify- 
ing, be kind enough. 



120 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAB VERBS, 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je veuille, that I may be willing, &c. Yeuilles* 
veuille, voulions, vouliez, veulilent. 

II^IPERFECT. 

Que je voulusse, that I might be willing, &.c. Voulusseg, 
vouliit, voulussions, voulussiez, voulussent. 

Seoir, to fit, to suit, to become, is only used in the third 
persons of the Indicative and the Conditional, 
lis gied, it fits. II siera, it will fit. 

lis sieent, they fit. lis sieront, they will fit. 

11 seyait, it fitted. II sierait, it would fit. 

lis seyaient, they fitted. lis sieraient, they would fit 



Conjugation of all Irregular Verhs of the 4:th 
Conjugation, 
As the terminations of the Imperfect, Future and 
Conditional are the same in every verb, I shall now 
only give their first person. 

Absoudre, to absolve Dissoudre, to dissolve. Eesoudre, 
to resolve, are conjugated alike. 

INFINITIVE MOOD, 

Present. — Resoudre, to resolve. 
Participle Present. — Resolvaut, resolving. 
Participle Past. — Resolu,* resolved. 

* Past Participle of absoudre and dissoudre, absous and difisouft. 



CONJUGATION OF IKREGULAH VERBS. 121 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je resous, I resolve, &c. Resous, resout, resolvons, 
resolvez, resolvent. 

IIVIPERFECT. 

Je resolvais, I was resolving, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je resolus, I resolved. Resolus, resolut, resolumes, 
resolutee,, resolurent. 

FUTURE. 

Je resoudrai, I will resolve, &e. 

CONDITIONAL, 

Je resoudrais, I would resolve, &c. 

liMPERATIVE. 

Eesons, resolve (thou.) Qu'il resolve, let him resolve. 
Resolvons, let us resolve. Resolvez, resolve. Qu'ils re- 
solvent, let them resolve. 

SL^BJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je resolve, that I may resolve. Resolves, resolve, 
r^solvions, resolviez, resolvent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je resolusse, that I might resolve. Resolusses reso- 
liit, resolussions, resolussiez, resolussent. 

Abstraire, to abstract. Distraire, to distract. Extraire, 
to extract. Rentraire, to fine draw. Soustraire, to subtract 

ire, to milk, are conjugated alike. 11 



122 CONJUGATTON OF IRKEGULAK VERBS. 

INFINITR'E MOOD. 

Present. — Traire, to milk. 

Participle Present.— Trayant, milking. 

Participle Past. — Trait, milked. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 
Jq trais, I milk. Trais, trait, t rayons, trayez, traient. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je trayais, I was milking, &c. 

Perfect not used. 

FUTURE. 

Je trairai, I will milk, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je trairais, I would milk, &c, 

IMPERATIVE. 

Trais, milk (tliou.) Qu'il traie, let him milk. Trayons, 
let us milk. Trayez, milk (you.) Qu'ils traient, let them 
milk. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je traie, that I mr.y milk, &c. Traies, Traie. 
Trayions. Trayiez. Traient. 

Imperfect not used. 
Accroitre, to acsru?. ConuMitre, to know. 

Apparaitre, to appear. C -oii re, to grow. 

Comparaitre, to eomnarc Dlspardtie, to disappear. 



COXJUGATION OF IRREGULAH VERBS. 123 

Meconnaitre, to be ignorant of Reconnaitre, to recognize, ro- 
Paitre, to graze. connoitre. 

Paraitre, to appear. Repaitre, to feed. 

Are conjugated alike, as follows : — 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Ccnnaitre, to know. 

Participle Present. — Connaissant, knowing. 

Partieipie Past.— Conuu, kaown. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je connais, I know. Connais, connait, connaissons, con- 
naifisez, connaissent. 

niPERFECT. 

Je connaissais, I knew, &c. 

PERFECT, 

Je connus, I knew. Connus, connut, connumes, connutes, 
connurent. 

FUTURE. 
Je connaitrai, I shall knoAV, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je connaitrais, I should know, &c. 

lilPERATIYE. 

Connais, know (thou.) QiTil connaisse, let him know. 
Connaissons, let us know. Conuaissez, know you. Qu'ils 
connaissant, let them kn' w. 



124 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS- 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

Que je connaisse, that I may know. Comiaisses, con* 
naisse, connaissions, connaissiez, connaissent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je connusse, that I might know. Connusses, connut* 
connussions, connussiez, connussent. 

Admettre, to admit. Omettre, to omit. 

Compromettre, to compro- Permettre, to permit. 

mise. Promettre, to promise. 

Commettre, to commit Kemettre, to remit. 

Demettre, to disjoint. Soumettre, to submit. 

Se demettre, to abdicate. Transmettre, to transmit 
S' entremettre, to intermeddle. 

Like mettre, to put. As follows : — 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present — Mettre, to put. 

Participle Present. — Mettant, putting. 

Participle Past. — Mis, put. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je mets, I put. Mets, met, mettons, mettez, mettent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je mettais, I was putting, &c. 

PERFECT. 
Je mis, I put. Mis, mit, mimes, mites, mirent 



CONJUGATIO-T OF IRP.EGULAR VERBS. 125 

FUTURE. 

Je mettrai, I will put, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je mettrals, I would put. Trais, trait, trions, triez, 
traient. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Mets, put (thou.) Qu'il inetfe, let him put. Mettor.s, let 
us put. Mettez, put (you.) Qirils metteut, let them put. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PKESENT. 

Que je mette, that I may put. Mettes, laette, mettions, 
mettiez, metteut. 

IMPEF.FECT. 

Que je misse, that I might put. Misses, mit, missions, 
missiez, missent. 

Apprendre, to le .rn. Se meprendre, to mistake. 

Comprendre, to understand. Prendre, to take. 
Desappreudre, to unlearn. Reprendre, to retake. 
Entrepreudre, to undertake. Surprendre, to surprise. 
Are conjugated alike. 

Example : Prendre. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Prenlre, to take. 

Par iciple Present. — Preisant, taking 

Participle Past.—Pris, taken. 

INDICATR^E MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je prends, I take. Prends, prend, prenons, prenez, pren- 
nent. 



126 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS, 

ISIPERFEOT. 
Je prenais, I was taking, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je pris, I took. Pris, prit, primes, prites, prirent. 

FUTURE. 

Je prendrai, I will take, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je prendrais, I would take, <fec. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Prends, take, (thou.) Qu'il preiine, let him take. Prenon«, 
let us take. Prenez, take, (you ) Qu'ils prennent, let them 
take. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je prenue, that I may take, &c. Prennes, prenne, 
preuions, preniez, j)remieut. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je prisse, that I mijjht take, &c. Prisses, prit, pris- 
eions, prissiez, prissent. 

Astreindre. Enceindre, to encompass. 

Atteiiidre, to attain. Enfreindre, to infringe. 

Ceindre, to gird. Enjoindre, to enjoin. 

Conjoindre, to join together. Epreindre, to squeeze out. 

Contraindre, to constrain. Etein^re, to extinguish. 

Craindre to fear. F( indre, to feign. 

Dejoindre, to disjoin. Joindre, to join. 

Deteindre, to detain. Oindre, to anoint. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 127 

Peindre, to paint. Restreindre, to restrain. 

Plaindre, to pity. Teindre, to dye. 

Se plaindre, to complain. 

Are conjugated like peindre, to paint. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present — Peindre, to paint. 

Participle Present. — Peignant, painting. 

Participle Past. — Peint, painted. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je peinds, I paint, &c. Peinds, j)eint, peignons, peignez, 
peignent. 

IMPERFECT. 
Je peignais, I was painting, &c. ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. 

PERFECT. 

Je peignis, I painted, &c. Peignis. peignit, peignimes, 
peignites, peignirent. 

FUTURE. 

Je peindrai, I will paint, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je peindrais, I would paint, &c. 

IIVIPERATIVE. 

Peinds, paint, (thou.) Qu'il peigne, let him paint. Peig- 
nons, let us paint. Peignez, paint, (you.) Qu'ils peignent, 
let them paint. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je peigne, that I niny paint, &c. Peignes, peigne, 
peignions, peigniez, peignent. 



128 CONJUGATION OF lEP.EGULAR VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je peignisse, that I might paiut, &c. Peignissea^ 
peigiiit, peignissioiis, p e' ignis. siez, peigiiisseot. 

B O I R E , T O D R I N K . 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Boire, to drink. 

Participle Present. — Buvant, drinking. 

Participle Past. — Bii, drunk. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je bois, I drink, &c. Bois, boit, buvons, buvez, boivent 

IMPERFECT. 

Je buvais, I was drinking, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je bus, I drank, &c. Bus, but, buraes, butes, burent 

FUTURE. 

Je boirai, I will drink, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je boirais, I would drink, &e. 

IMPERATIVE. 

B'^is, drink, (thou.) Qu'il boive, let hirn drink. Buvons, 
let us drink. Buvez, drink, (you.) Qu'il boivent, let them 
drink. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je boive, that I may drink, &c. Boives, boive, bu- 
vions, buviez, boivent. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 129 

UVIPERFECT. 

Que je biissse, that I might drink, &c. Busses, but, bus* 
rions, bussiez, bussent. 

Braire, to bray, is used only as follows. 

^ • PRESENT. 

II brait, he brays. lis braient, they bray. 

FUTURE. 

H braira, he will bray. lis brairout, they will bray. 

CONDITION AX. 

II brairait, he would bray. lis brairaient, they would bray. 

Circonscrire, to circumscribe. Proscrire, to proscribe. 
Decrire, to describe, Kecrire, to write again. 

Ecrire, to write. Souscrire, to subscribe. 

Inscrire, to inscribe. Transcrire, to transcribe. 

Prescrire, to prescribe 

Are conjugated alike. Example : 

mFINITIYE MOOD. 

Present. — Ecrire, to write. 
Participle Present.— Ecrivant, writing. 
Participle Past. — Ecrit, written. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

J'ecris, I write, &c. Ecris, ecrit, ecrivons, ecrivez, 
Convent. 

IMPERFECT. 

J^ecrivais, I was writing, &c. 



J80 CONJUGATION OP IRKEGUIAR VERB?, 

PEBFECT. 

J'ecrlvis, I wrote, &c. Ecrivis, ecrivit, ecrivions, ^ri- 
viez, ecrivaient. 

FUTURE. 

J'ecrirai, I will writa, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

J'ecvirais, I would write, &c. 

IIVIPEKATXVE. 

* Ecris, write, (thou.) Qu'il ecrive, let him write. Ecri* 
vons, let us write. Ecrivez, write, (you.) Qu'ils ecrlFent, 
let them write. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que j 'ecrive, that I may write, &c. Ecrives, ecrive, 
Ecrivions, ecriviez, ecrivent. 

IMPERFECT. 

. Que j'ecrivisse, that I might write, &c. Ecrivisse, Ecri- 
vit, ecrivissions, ecrivissiez, ecrivissent. 

Clore, to close ; enelore, to enclose, conjugated only aa 
follows : 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Clore, to close. 
Participle Past. — Clos, closed. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je clos, clos, clot. 

FUTURE. 

Je clorai, I will clos-e, &c. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAB VERBS. 131 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je clorais, I would close, ^c. 
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je close, that I may close, &c. Closes, close, 

Eclore, to hatch, used only as follows. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Eclore, to hatch. 
Participle Past. — Eclos, hatched. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

^ n ^clot, it is hatching. lis eclosent, that are hatching 

FUTUi^E. 
II eclora, it will hatch. lis ecloront, they will hatch. 

CONDITIONAL. 
II eclorait, it would hatch. lis ecloraient, they would hatch 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Qu'il eclose, that it may hatch. Qu'ils eclosent, that 
they may hatch. 

The compound tenses of eclore, are in common use. 
Complaire, to comply with. Se plaire, to delight in. 
Deplaire, to displease. Se taire, to he silent. 

Plaire, to please. Are conjugated alike. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Plaire, to please. 
Participle Present. — Plaisant, pleasing. 
Participle Past. — ^Plu, pleased. 



132 CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR YEEBS, 

m 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je plais, I please, &c. Plais, plait, plaisons, plaisez, 
plaisent, 

laiPERFECT. 
Je plaisais, I pleased, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je plus, I pleased, &.c. Plus, plut, plumes, plutes, plurent 

FUTURE. 
Je plairai, I will please, &-c. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je plairais, I would please, &c. * 

IMPERATIVE. 

Plais, please, thou. Qu'il plalse, let him please. Pld- 
sons, let us please. Plaisez, please, you. Qu'ils plaisent, 
let them please. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Quejeplaise, that I may please, &c. Plaises, plaiso, 
pldisious, plaisiez, plaisent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je plusse, that I may please, &c. Pluses, plut. 
plussions, plussiez, plussent. 

Conclure, to conclude. Exclure, to exclude, are conju- 
gated as follows. 



CONJUGATION OF lEEEGULAE VKRJBS. 133 

LNFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Conclure. to conclude. 
Participle Present. — Concluant, concluding. 
Participle Past. — Conclu, concluded. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je conclus, I conclude, &c. Conclus, conclut, concluons, 
concluez, concluent. 

IMPEKFECT. 

Je concluais, I was concluding, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je conclus, I concluded, Slc, Conclus, conclut, con- 
clumes, conclutes, conclurent. 

FUTURE. 
Je conclurai, I will conclude, ifec, 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je conclurais, I would conclude, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Conclus, conclude, thoa. Qu'il conclue, let him con- 
clude. Concluons, let us conclude. Concluez, conclude, 
you. Qu'ils concluent, let them conclude. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je conclue, that I may conclude, &c. Conclues, 
conclue, concluions, concluiez, concluent. 

12 



134 CONJUGATION OF lEEEGULAR TEJiBS. 



IltlPERFECT. 

Que je conclusses, that I might conclude, &c. Conclusses, 
conclut, conclussions, conclussiez, concliissent. 

Conduire, to conduct. Luire, to shine. 

Construire, to construct. Nuire, to hurt. 

Cuire, to cook. Produire, to produce. 

Deduire, to deduct. Reconduire, to recoHduct. 

Detruire, to destroy. Recuire, to cook again. 

Enduire, to daub. Reduire, to reduce. 

Induire, to induce. Reluire, to glisten. 

Instruire, to instruct. Seduire, to seduce. 

Introduire, to introduce. Traduire, to translate. 
Are conjugated as follows. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Traduire, to translate. 
Participle Present.— Traduisant, translating. 
Participle Past.— Traduit, translated. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PHESENT. 

Je traduis, I translate, &c. Traduis, traduit, traduisoxia. 
traduisez, traduisent. 

I^MPERFECT. 
Je traduis:; is, I was translating, &c. 

PEKFECT, 

Je traduisis, I translated, &'^. Traduisis, traduisit, tra- 
•duisimes, traduisites, traduisirent. 

FUTURE. 

% Je traduirai, I will translate, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je traduirais, I would translate, &c. 



I 



•^1 



CONJUGATION OF IRHEGULAR VERBS, 135 

IMPERATIVE. 

Traduis, translate, (thou.) Quil traduise, let him trans- 
late. Traduisons, let us trsaiilate. Traduisez^ translate, 
you. Qu'ils traduisent, let them translate. 

SUBJIJNCIIVE PRESENT. 

Que jo traduise, that I may translate, <fec. Traduises, 
traduise, traduisions, traduisiez, traduisent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je traduisisse, that I might translate, &c. Traduis- 
Isses, traduisit, traduisissions, traduisissiez, traduisissent. 

Circoncire,* to circumcise. Interdire, to forbid. 
Confire, to preserve. Maudire, to curse. 

Contredire, to contradict. Medire, to slander. 
So dedire, to recant. Predire, to predict. 

Dire,t to say or tell. Redire, to say again 

and Suffire,! to suffice, are conjugated alike. Example. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Dire, to say. 

Participle present. — Disant, saying. 

Participle past. — Dit, said. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Je dis, I say, &c. Dis, dit, disons, dites, disent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je disais, I was saying, «fec. 

f The compoiiu'ls of Dire, redire excepted, make ises instead o** ite^i^ 
In the Indicp^tive ])resent. ]\[audire. doubles tlie s th»*ougi3 the uhold 
verT'. Ex. N<»us ]iuuidi5.S'>ns. &e. 

* Circoncire, ]^a^-r pari' '\pl\ circoncis :{:Suflioe, past paniciple, suflk 



186 CONJUGATION OF lEREGULAE VERBS. 

PERFECT. 
Je dis, I said, &c. Dis, dit, dimes, dites, dirent 

FUTURE. 

Je dirai, I will say, &c. 
CONDITIONAL. 
Je dirais, I would say, &c. " 

IMPERATIVE. 

Dis, say, (tliou.) Qu'il dise, let him say. Disons, let ue 
say, Dites, say, (you.) Qu'ils disent, let them say. 

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT, 

Queje dise, that I may say, &c. Dises, dise, disions» 
disiez, disent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je disse, that I might say, &c. Disses, dit, dissions, 
dissiez, dissent. 

Contrefaire, to counterfeit. Redefaire, to undo again. 
Faire, to make or do. Satisfaire, to satisfy. 

Refaire, to remake. Surfaire, to overcharge. 

Being compounds of faire, are conjugated alike. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Faire, to make. 
Participle present. — Faisant, making. 
Participle past. — Fait, made. 

INDICATIVE PRESENT. 
Je fais, I make &c. Fais, fait, faisons, faites, font. 



CONJUGATION OF IKREGULAR VERBS. 137 

IJVIPEEFECT. 
Je faisais, I was mailing, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je fiSjI made, &c. Fis, fit, fimes, fites, firent. 

FUTURE. 

Je ferai, I will make, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je ferais, I would make, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Fais, make, (thou.) Qu'il fasse, let him make. Faisone, 
let us make. Faites, make, (you.) Qu'ils fassent, let them 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Que je fasse, that I may make, &c. Fasses, fasse, fas- 
Bions, fassiez, fassent. 

i:mperfct. 

Que je fisse, that I might make, ifec. Flsses, fit, fissions, 
fissiez, fissent. 

Vaincre, to vanquish. Convaincre, to convince, conjugat- 
ed alike. Example. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Vaincre, to vanquish. 

Participle present. — Vainquant, vanquishing. 

Participle past. — Vaincu, vanquished. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je vaincs, I vanquish, &c. Vaincs, vainc, vainquons, 
?ainquez, vainquent. l^*' 



138 CONJUGATION OF lEREGULAR VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je vanquais, I was vanquishiDg, &c. 

FUTURE. 

Je vaincrai, I will vanquish, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je vaincrais, I would vanquish, &c. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Vaincs, vanquish, (thou.) Qu'il vainque, let him vanquish. 
Vainquons, let us vanquish. Vainquez, vanquish, (you.) 
Qu'ils vainquent, let them vanquish. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je vainque, that I may vanquish. &c. Vainques, 
vainque, vainquions, vainquiez, vainquent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je vainqnisse, that I might vanquish, &c. Yain- 
quisses, vainquit, vainquissions, vainquissiez, vainquissent. 

Coudre, to sew. Recoudre, to sew again. Decoudre, to 
unsew, are conjugated alike. Example. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Coudre, to sew. 
Participle present. — Cousant, sewing. 
Participle past. — Cousu, sewed. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je couds, I sew, &c. Couds, coud, cousons, cousez 
eousent. 



CONJUGATION OF IRKEGULAR VERBS. 139 

IMPERFECT. 
Je cousais, I was sewing, &c. 

PERFECT. 

Je cousis, I sewed, <&c. Cousis, cousit, cousimes, cou- 
sites, cousirent. 

FUTURE. 

Je coudrai, I will sew, &c. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je coudrais, I would sew, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Couds, eew, (thou.) Qu'il couse, let bim sew. Cousone, 
let us sew. Cousez, sew, (you.) Qu'ils cousent, let them sew. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Queje couse, that I may sew, etc. Couses, couse, cou- 
ftions, cousiez, cousent. 

IIVIPERFECT. 

Que je cousisse, that I might sew, etc. Cousisses, cou- 
sit, cousissions, cousissiez, cousissent. 

CROIRE, TO BELIEVE. 
INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Croire, to believe. 
Participle present. — Cro}^nt, believing. 
Participle past. — Cru, believed. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je crois, I believe, etc. Crois, croit, croyons, croyeZ; 
croient. 



14:0 CONJUGATION OF IKEEGULAR VERBS. 

IMPERFECT. 
Je croyais, I believed, etc. 

PERFECT. 

Je crus, I believed, etc. Crus, crut, crumes, crutesj 
crurent. 

FUTURE. 

Je croirai, I Mliall believe, etc. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je croirai s, I would believe, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Crois, believe, (tliim.) Qu'il croie, let bim believe. 
Croyons, let us believe. Croyez, believe, (you.) Qu'ils 
croient, let them believe. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je croie, that I may believe, etc. Croies, croie> 
croyions, croyiez, croient. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je crusse, that I might believe, etc. Crusses, cmt, 
crussious, crussiez, crusseiit. 

Lire, to read. Eli re, to elect. Relire, to read again, are 
conjugated alike. Exausple. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Lire, to read. 

Participle present. — Lisant, reading. 

Participle past. — Lu, read. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 141 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je lis, I read, etc. Lis, lit, lisons, lisez, lisent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je lisais, I was reading, etc. 

PERFECT. 

Je lus, I read, etc. Lus, lut, lumes, lutes, lurent. 

FUTURE. 

Je lirai, I will read, etc. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je lirais, I would read, etc. 

I5IPERATIYE. 

Lis, read, [thou.] Qu'il lise, let him read. Lisons, let 
a» read. Lisez, read, [you.] Qu'ils lisent, let them read. 

SUBJUNCTR^E MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je lise, that I may read, etc. Lises, lise, lisions^ li- 
siez, lisent. 

EVIPERFECT. 

Que je lusse, that I might read, etc. Lusses, lut, li»* 
fiions, lussiez, lussent. 

Emoudre, to grind. Remoudre, to grind again. Mou* 
dre, to grind, are conjugated alike. Example. 

INFINTIYE MOOD. 

Present. — Moudre, to grind. 
Participle present. — Moulant, grinding. 
Participle past. — Moulu, ground. 



142 CONJUGATION OF IHEEGULAE VERBS. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je mouds, I grind, etc, Mouds, moud, moulons, moule*, 
moulent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je moulaiB, I was grinding, etc. 

PERFECT. 

Je moulus, I ground, etc. Moulus, moulut, moulume«, 
moulutes, moulurent. 

FUTURE. 

Je moudrai, I will grind, etc. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je moudrais, I would grind, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Mouds» grind, (thou.) Qu'il moude, let him grind 
Moulons, let us grind. Moulez, grind, (you.) Qu'ils mou 
lent,^ let them grind. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Que je moule, that I may grind, etc. Monies, moule^ 
moulions, mouliez, moulent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je moulusse, that I might grind, etc. Moulussea, 
moulut, moulussions, moulussiez, moulussent. 

Frire, to fry. Eire, to laugh. Sourire, to smile, are 
conjugated alike. Example. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Rire, to laugh. 
Participle present. — Rinnt, laughing. 
Participle past. — Eis, laughed. 



CONJUGATION OF IREEGULAR VEKBS, 143 

INDICAXnT: MOOD. 

Je rib, I laugh, etc. Els, rit, rion€, riez, rient 

lAIPEKFECT. 

Je rials, I was laughing, etc. 

PEEFEGT. 

Je ris, I laughed, &c. Els, rit, rimes, rites, rireni 

FUTUEE. 

Je rirai, I will laugh, ifcc. 

COXDITIO^'AI» 

Je rirais, I would laugh, &cu 

IMPEEATrrE. 

Ris, laugh, (thou.) Qu'ilrie, let 'him laugh. Eions, kt 
U8 laugh. Riez, laugh, (you.) Qu'ils rient, let them laugh* 

SUEJTINXTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je ric, that I may laugh, <5cc. Eies, rie, rions, riez, 
rJent. 

IMPE17FECT 

Que je risse, that I might laugh, &.c. Eissee, rit, rissiona, 
rlBsiez, rissent. 

Naitre, to be bom. Een?atre, to revive, or be bom again 
Example. 

IXFINITR^E MOOD. 

Present. — Naitre, to be bom. 

Participle Present. — Nalssaut, being bom. 

Participle Past. — Ne. bom. 



144 CONJUGATION OF IKREGULAK VERBS* 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Je nais, I am born, &c. Nais, nait, naissons, naiseez, 
imisgeut. 

IMPERFECT. 

Je naigsais, I was being born, &c. 

PERFECT, 

Je naquis, I was born, etc. Naquis, naquit, naqulmea, 
nAqnites, naquirent. 

FUTURE. 

Je naitrai, I shall be born, etc. 

CONDITION AX. 

Je naitrais, I should be born, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Nais, be thou bom. Qu'il naisse, let him be bom. Nais- 
Bone, let us be bom. Naissez, be bora (you.) Qu'ils nai»- 
•ent, let them be born, 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je naisse, that I may be bora, etc. Naisses, naisse, 
naissions, naissiez, naissent. 

IMPERFECT. , 
Que je naquisse, that I might be born, etc. Naquisses^ 
naqmt, naquissions, naquissiez, naquissent. 

Poursuivre, to pursue. Suivre, to follow. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. ^ 

Present. — Suivre, to follow. 
Participle Present. — Suivant, following. 
Participle Past. — Suivi, followed. 



CONJUGATION OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 14*-' 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT, 

Je suis, I follow, etc. Suis, suit, suivons, sulvez, suivent. 

IMPERFFCT, 

Je suivais, I was following, etc. 

PERFECT, 

Je sTiivis, I followed, etc. Suivis, suivit, suiviraes, sni- 

vites, Buivireut, 

FUTURE. 

Je guivrai, I will follow, etc. 

CONDITIONAL. 
Je Eiuvrais, I would follow, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Snis, follow, (thou.) Qu'il suive, let hipj follow. Sui- 
Tons, let us follow. Suivez, follow, (you.) Qu'il suivent^ 
let them follow. 

SUEJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Que je suive, that I may follow, etc. Suives, suive, sui* 
vions, suiviez, guivent. 

IIJIPERFECT. 

Que je suivisse, that I mi-iht follow, etc. Suivisses, sui- 
vit, suivissions, suivissiez, feuivieseut. 

Vivre, to live. Kevivre, to revive. Survivre, to survive^ 
»re conjugated alike. E^vample: 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. — Vivre, to live. 
Participle Present. — Vivant, living. 
Participle Past. — Vecu, lived, 
13 



146 CONJUGATION OF IRKEGULAR VEFvB3. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Je vis, I live, etc. Vis, vifc, vivons, vivez, vivent. 

I3IPEKFECT. 

Je vivais, I was living, etc. 

PERFECT. 

Je veciis, I lived, etc, Vecus, vecut, vecumes, vecutes, 
recureut. 

FUTURE. 

Je vivrai, I will live, etc. 

CONDITIONAL. 

Je vivrais, I ghonld live, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Vis, live (thou.) Qu'il vive, let him live. Vivons, let us 
Jive. Vivez, live, (you.) Qu'ils vivent, let them live. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Que je vive, that I may live, etc. Vives, vive, vivions, 
viviez, vivent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Que je vecusse, that I might live, etc. Vecusses, vecftt, 
vecussions, vecussiez, vecussent. 



NUMBEES. 



147 



NUMBESS, MONTHS, &c. 



NrMEEES. 


NOMBKE& 


Zero, 


Zero. 


One. 


Un, une. 


Tyvto, 


Deux. 


Three, 


Trois. 


Four, • 


Quatre. 


Five, 


Cinq. 


Six, 


Six. 


Seven, 


Sept. 


Eight, 


Huit. 


Nine, 


Neuf. 


Ten, 


Dix. 


Eleven, 


Onze. 


Twelve, 


Douze. 


Thirteen, 


Treize. 


Fourteen, 


Quatorze. 


Fifteen, 


Quinze. 


Sixteen, 


Seize. 


Seventeen, 


Dix-sept. 


Eighteen, 


Dix-huit. 


Nineteen, 


Dix-neuf. 


Twenty. 


Vingt. 


Twenty-one, &c. 


Yingt-et-un, etc. 


Thirty, 


Trente. 


Forty, 


Quarante. 


Fifty, 


Cinquante. 


Sixty, 


Soixante. 



148 



NUJMBERS. 



Seventy, 
Eighty, 
Minety, 
One hundred, 
A hundred and one, 
One thousand, 
One thousand five hun- 
dred, 
Two thousand, 
A million. 

The first, 
The second, 
The third, 
The fourth, 
Tbe fifth, 
The hundredth, 
T'ae last but one, 
The last, 
A couple, 
A pair, 
A dozen, 
A half dozen, 
A score, 
The half. 
The third. 
The fourth, 
The fifth, 
Two thirds, 



Soixante-dix. 

Quatre-vingt. 

Quatre-ving-t dix. 

Cent. 

Cent un, 

Mille. 

Mille cinq cents. 

Deux milles. 
Un million. 

Le premier. 
Le second. 
Le troisieme. 
Le quatrieme. 
Le cinquieme. 
Le centieme. 
L'avant dernier. 
Le dernier. 
Un couple. 
Une paire. 
Une douzaine. 
Une demi-douzaine. 
Une vingtaine. 
La moitie. 
Le tiers. 
Le quart. 
Le cinquieme. 
Deux tiers. 



MONTHS AXD DAYS OP WEEK, 



149 



Three quarters. 
Three fifths. 
Double, 


Trois quarts. 
Trois cinquieincs. 
Double. 


Treble, 
. Once, 


Triple, 
Une fois. 


Twice, 


Deux fois. 


Three times, 


Trois fois. 


MOIs^THS. 


LES MOIS. 


January, 


Janvier. 


February, 
March, 


FeVrier, 

Mars. 


April, 
May, 


A^T-il. 
Mai. 


June, 


Juin. 


July, 
August, 


Juillet. 
Aout. 


Septemiber, 
October, 


Septembre. 
Octobre. 


November, 


Novembre. 


December, 


Decembre. 


DAYS OF TILE Yv' EES. 


JOEES DE EA SEZ^IAINIS, 


Sunday, 


Dimanche. 


Monday, 


Lundi, 


Tuesday, 


Mardi. 


Wednesday, 


Mercredi. 


Thursday, 


Jeudi. 


Friday, 


Vendredi. 


Saturday, 


S:<medi. 




23* 



150 



TIMES AND SEASONS, 



OF THE TIME AND SEASONS 

The time of day, 

The time, 

A moment, 

A minute, 

An hour, 

A quarter of an hour, 

Half an hour. 

The day, 

The night, 

The morning, 

Day-break, 

Sun-rise, 

Noon, 

Evening, 

Sun set, 

Twilight, 

The night air^ 

Midnight, 

Light, 

Shadow, 

Darkness^ 

A weekj 

A month, 

A fortnight. 

The year, 

The age, 

The four seasons, 

Spring, 



DU TEMPS ET DES SAISON& 

L'heure. 

Le temps. 

Un moment, 

Une minute. 

Une heure. 

Un quart d'heure. 

Une demi-heure, 

Le jour. 

La nuit. 

Le matin. 

La pointe du jour. 

Le lever du soleil, 

Midi. 

Le soir. 

Le coucher du soleih 

Le crepuscule, 

Le serein. 

Minuit. 

La lumiere. 

L' ombre, 

Les tenebres. 

Une semaine. 

Un mois. 

Quinze jours. 

L'an, I'annee. 

Le sieele. 

Les quatre saisons. 

Le printemps. 



MEATS AND DRINKS. 



151 



Summer, 

Autumn, 

Winter, 

Fair weather, 

Bad weather, 

The wind, 

Heat, 

Clouds, 

Kain, 

Hail, 

Lightning, 

The storm, 

Thunder, 

The rainbow, 

The dew. 

The fog, 

Cold, 

Ice, 

Skates, 

Snow, 

A snow ball, 

A sleigh, 

A sleigh-ride, 



MEATS AND DEINKS. 

Meat, 
Broth, 
Boiled meat, 



L'ete. 

L'automne, 
L'hi^er. 
Le beau temps. 
Le mauvais temps. 
Le vent. 
La chaleur, 
Les nuages. 
La pluie. 
La grele. 
Les eclairs. 
L' or age. 
Le tonnerre. 
L'arc-en-ciel. 
La rosee. 
Le brouillard. 
Le froid. 
La glace. 
Les patins. 
La neige. 

Une pelote de neige. 
Un traineau. 
Une promenade eh 
traineau. 

ALIMENS ET BOISSONS. 

La viande. 
Le bouillon. 
Le bouilli. 



i5S> 



MEATS AND DRINKS. 



Ivoast meat. 

Smoked beef, 

Salt beef, 

A clisli. 

Soup, 

Sauce, 

Beef, 

Veal, 

Mutton, 

Pork, 

Lamb, 

Lard, 

Fat, 

Ham, 

A slice, 

A price, 

A mouthful, 

Sausages, 

A leg of mutton. 

Vegetables, 

Bread, 

Brown bread, 

Stale bread. 

New bread, 

Crust, 

Crumb, 

Fie, 

Cake, 

Mustard, 



Lc roti. 

La viande fumee. 
La viande salee, 
Un mets. 
La soupe. 
La eaucc. 
Le boeuf. 
Le veau. 
Le mo u ton. 
Le pore. 
L'agneau. 
Le lard. 
La graicse. 
Lc jambon. 
Une tranche. 
Un morceau. 
Une bouchee. 
Les saucistes. 
Un gigot. 
Les legumes. 
Le pain. 
Le pain bis. 
Le pain raesis. 
Le pain tendre. 
La croute. 
La mie 
Le pa.te. 
Le gateau. 
La mout^irde. 



OF MEATS AXD DEINKS. 



153 



Vinegar, 

Pepper, 

Salt, 

Salad, 

Dessert, 

Preserves, 

Biscuit, 

Pastry, 

Butter, 

Cheese, 

A meal, 

Breakfast, 

Dinner, 

Tea, 

Supper, 

Hunger, 

Thirst, 

Water, 

Wine, 

Beer, 

Cider, 

Brandy, 

Bottle, 

Cork, 

Cork-screw, 

Milk, 

Cream, 

Coffee, 



Le vinaigre. 
Le poivre. 
Le sel. 
La salade. 
Le dessert. 
Les confitures. 
Le biscuit. 
La patisserie 
Le beurre. 
Le fromage. 
Un repas. 
Le dejeuner. 
Le diner. 
Le the. 
Le souper. 
La faim. 
La soif. 
L'eau. 
Le vin. 
La biere. 
Le cidre. 
L' eau-de-vie. 
La bouteille. 
Le bouchon. 
Le tire-bouchon. 
Le laite 
La creme. 
Le cafe. 



154 



OF EHE HOUSE AND ITS PAPA'S. 



Tea, 

Chocolate, 
Pimch, 
Lemonade, 
A chicken, 
A turkey, 
A goose, 

OF THE HOUSE AND ITS 
PAKTS. 

The door. 
The lock, 
The key. 
Staircase, 
A Eoom, 
A Bed-room, 

Window, 

Window-glass, 

Shutter, 

Floor, 

Cupboard, 

Ceiling, 

Stove, 

Chimney, 

Drawing-room, 

Dining-room, 

Kitchen, 

Garret, 



Le the 
Le chocolat. 
Le ponche. 
La limonade. 
tin poulet. 
Une dinde. 
Une oie. 

DE LA MAISON ET SES 
PAKTIE«. 

La porte. 
La serrure. 
La clef. 
L'escalier. 
Une chambre. 
Une chambre a cou- 
ch er. 
Une fenetre* 
Les vitrES. 
Le volet. 
Le plancher. 
Le buffet. 
Le plafond. 
Le poele. 
La cheminee, 
Le Salon. 
LaSalle-a-mangei% 
La cuisine. 
Le grenier. 



OF THE TABLE AND KITCHEN. 



15^ 



Yard, 


La cour. 


Stable, 


L'ecurie. 


Wood-house, 


Le bucher. 


Barn, 


La grange. 


Coach-house, 


La remise. 


Vv'eil, 


Le puits. 


Pump, 


La pompe. 


Cistern, 


La citerne. 


Cellar, 


La cave. 


Cask, 


Le tonneau. 


The tax:). 


Le robinet. 


OF THE TABLE AXD KIT- 


DE LA TABLE EX DES US- 


CHEN LTENSILS. 


TEN3ILS DE CUISINE, 


Table cloth. 


La nappe. 


A towel. 


Un essuie-m.ain. 


A napkin, 


Une serviette. 


A knife. 


Un couteau. 


A fork. 


Une fourchette. 


A spoon. 


Une cuiller. 


The tea-traj. 


Le plateau. 


The wood. 


Le bois. 


The coal, 


Le charbon-de-terre. 


The charcoal, ' 


Le charbon-de-bois. 


The cinders, 


Les cendres. 


The matches, 


Les allumettes. 


Dish, 


Un plat. 


Plate, 


Une assiette. 



156 



OF FURNITURE, ETC. 



A salt-cellar, 

The vinegar-cruet, 

The pepper-box, 

A glass, 

A wine-glass, 

A boiler, 

A pot, 

A cover, 

A shovel. 

The tongs, 

The bellows, 

The gridiron. 

Frying-pan, 

The skimmer, 

A broom, 

A pail, 

A basket, 

A colander, 

A sieve, 

A coffee-mill, 

A coffee-pot, 

A tea-pot, 

The sugar-basin, 

The cup. 

The saucer. 

OF FURNITURE, ETC. 

Carpet, 



Une saliere. 

Le vinaigrier. 

Le poivrier. 

Un verre. 

Un verre-a-vin. 

tin chaudron. 

Un pot. 

Un couvercle. 

Une pelle. 

Les pincettes. 

Le souiiiet. 

Le gril. 

Un poele. 

L'ecumoire. 

Un balai. 

Un seau. 

Un panier. 

LTne passoire. 

Un crible. 

Un moulin-a-cafe. 

Une cafetiere 

La theiere. 

Le sucrier. 

La tasse. 

La soucoupe. 

BES MEUBLES, ETC. 

Le tapis. 



OP FimNrruRE, etc. 



157 



Table, 

Bureau, 

Drawer, 

Chair, 

Arra-chair, 

A bench. 

Looking-glass, 

Desk 

Bed, 

Bedstead, 

Curtain, 

Blanket, 

The covering, 

Mattrass, 

Bolster, 

Pillow, 

Sheet, 

Paillasse, 

Cradle, 

Sofa, 

Candle, 

Wax-light, 

Lamp, 

Wick, 

Candlestick, 

Snuffers, 

Clock, 



La table. 

Le bureau. 

Le tiroir. 

La chaise. 

Le fauteuil. 

Un banc. 

Un mirojr. 

Un pupitre. 

Le lit. 

Le bois-de-lit. 

Le rideau. 

Couverture-en-laine. 

La couverture. 

Le matelas. 

Le traversin. 

L'oreiller. 

Le drap. 

La paillasse. 

Le berceau. 

Le canape. 

La chandelle. 

La bougie. 

La lampe. 

La moche. 

Le chandelier. 

Les mouchettes. 

L'horlo«re. 



12 



158 



OF CLOTHING, ETC. 



OF CLOTHING, ETC. 


DES VITTEMENS, ETC* 


Garment, 


Un vetement. 


Coat, 


ITn hatit. 


Overcoat, 


Une redingote. 


Vest, 


Un gilet. 


Pantaloons, 


Un pantalon: 


Drawers, ' 


Les cale9ons. 


Hat, 


Le chapeau. 


Slioes, 


Les souliers. 


Cravat, 


La cravate. 


HandkercMef, 


Le mouchoir. 


Dress, 


La robe. 


Wig, 


La perruque. 


Stockings, 


Les bas. 


Cap, 


Le bonnet. 


Nightcap, 


Le bonnet de nuit. 


Sleeve, 


La manche. 


Collar, 


Le collet. 


Lining, 


La doublure. 


Pocket, 


La poche. 


Button, 


Le bouton. 


Button holes, 


Les boutonnieres. 


Cnrls, 


Les boucles. 


Bash, 


La ceinture. 


Illume, 


Un plumet. 


Hair pin, 


Un epingle-a-frisen 


Pin, 


Une epingje. 


Comb, 


Un peigne. 



OP CLOTHING, ETC. 



159 



Rouge, 


Le fard. 


Tooth-pick, 


Un cure-dent. 


Tooth-powder, 


Poudre dentrifice. 


Earrings, 


Les boucles d'oreilles. 


Ear-drops, 


Les pen dans d'oreilles. 


Necklace, 


Un collier. 


Gold chain, 


Une chaine d'or. 


Apron, 


Un tablier. 


Fan, 


Un eVantail. 


Cloak, 


Un manteau. 


Bracelets, 


Les bracelets. 


Gloves, 


Les gants. 


King, 


La bague. 


Watch, 


La montre. 


Watch-chain, 


Une chaine de montre. 


Garter, 


Une jarretiere. 


Boots, 


Les bottes. 


Gaiter-boots, 


Les bottines. 


Slippers, 


Les pantoufles. 


Overshoes, 


Les socques. 


Sole, 


La semelle. 


Heel, 


Le talon. 


Linen, 


Le linge. 


Shirt, 


La chemise. 


Spectacles, 


Les lunettes. 


Spj-glass, 


La lorgnette. 


Cane, 


La canne. 


Purse, 


La bourse. 



160 OF IMANKIND. 


Brush, 


La brosse. 


Umbrella, 


Le parapluie. 


Parasol, 


Le parasol. 


OF MAIS^KIND. 




Man, 


Un homme. 


Woman, 


Une femme. 


Boy, 


Un garden. 


Girl, 


Une fille. 


Person, 


Une personne. 


Youth, 


Un jeune homme* 


Old man, 


Un vieillard. 


Old woman, 


Une vieille. 


Life, 


La vie. 


Health, 


La sante. 


Body, 


Le corps. 


Limb, 


Un membre. 


Head, 


La me. 


Hair, 


Les cheveux. 


Eye brows, 


Les sourcils. 


Eye lid, 


La paupiere. 


Eye lash, 


Le cil. 


Eyes, 


Les yeux. 


Forehead, 


Le front. 


Nose, 


Le nez. 


Ears, 


Les oreilles. 


Mouth, 


La bouche. 


Teeth, 


Les dents. 


Lips, 


Les levies. 



OF MANKIND. 


Chin, 


Le menton. 


Cheek, 


La j one. 


Neck, 


Le cou. 


Breast, 


Le sein. 


Chest, 


La poitrine. 


Arms, 


Les bras. 


Legs, 


Les jambes. 


Face, 


La figure. 


Tongue, 


La langue. 


Beard, 


La barbe. 


Throat, 


La gorge. 


Shoulders, 


Les epaules. 


Elbow, 


Le coude. 


Fist, 


Le poing. 


Hand, 


La main. 


Finger, 


Le doigt. 


Nail, 


L'ongle. 


Thumb, 


Le pouce. 


Pulse, 


Le pouls. 


Heart, 


Le coeur. 


Foot, 


Le pied. 


Heel, 


Le talon. 


Ankle, 


La cheville. 


Gait, 


La demarche. 


The ^ye senses, 


Les cinq sens. 


The touch. 


Le toucher. 


The taste. 


Le gout. 


The smell, 


L'odorat, 



161 



14* 



162 



OF MANKIND. 



The hearing, 
The sight, 
The voice, 
A spendthrift, 
A Lazy fellow, 
A glutton, 
A drunkard, 
A brute. 

An ungrateful man, 
A scandaiizer, 
A liar, 
A flatterer, 
A madman, 
A fool, 

, A good for nothing, 
A cheat, 
A traitor, 
A sinner, 
A criminal, 
A thief, 
A scoundrel, 
A pickpocket, 
A highwayman, 
A rogue, 
A blockhead, 
A loafjr, 
A murderer, 
A villain, 



L'oui'e. 
La vue. 
La voix. 
Un prodigue. 
Un paresseus. 
Un gourmand. 
Un ivrogne. 
Un brutal. 
Un ingrat. 
Un calomniateur. 
Un menteur. 
Un flatteur. 
Un fou. 
Un sot. 
Un vaurien. 
Un chicaneur. 
Un traitre. 
Un pecheur. 
Un criminel. 
Un voleur. 
Un fripon. 
Un fJou. 
LTn brigand. 
Un coquin. 
Un lourdeau. 
l^n gnmin. 
Un meurtrier. 
Un scelc'rat. 



OF THE CITY, ETC. 163 

An assassin, Un assassin. 



OF THE CITY, ITS BUILD- 
INGS, ETC. 

The citj, 
A citizen, 
An inhabitant, 
Custom-House, 
City-Hall, 
Post-Office, 
Hospital, 
Orphan Asylum, 

House of Correction, 

Pawnbrokers, 
Palace, 
Tavern, 
The sign, 
Slaughter-house, 
Brewery, 
Bakery, 
Cemetery, 
The grave, 
A building. 
The house, 
The rent, 
The pavement, 



DE LA VILLE, ET SES EDI- 
FICES, ETC. 

La ville. 

Un citoyen. 

Un habitant. 

La clouane. 

L'hotel cle ville. 

Le bureau de poste. 

L'hopital. 

La maison des orphe- 
lins. 

La maison de correc- 
tion, 

Le mont de pie'te. 

Le palais. 

La taverne, 

L'enseigne. 

L' abattoir. 

La brasserie. 

La boulangerie, 

Le cimetiere. 

La fosse. 

Un batiment. 

La maison. 

Le loyer. 

Le pave. 



Ib4 OF PARENTAGE. 


The street, 


La rue. 


The sidewalk, 


Le trottoir. 


The church, 


L'eglise. 


The mayor, 


Le maire. 


The magistrate. 


Le magistrat. 


The constable. 


Officier de police. 


The prison. 


La prison. 


A cab. 


Un fiacre. 


OF PAKENTAGE, 


DE LA PAKENTjS. 


The family. 


La famille. 


The husband. 


Le mari. 


The wife, 


La fem.me. 


The father. 


Le pere. 


The mother. 


La mere. 


The child. 


L'enfant. 


The son, 


Le fils. 


The daughter. 


La fille. 


The brother. 


Le frere. ^ 


The sister, 


La soGur. 


The oldest, 


L'aine ee. -j 


The youngest. 


Le cadet. j 


The father-in-law. 


Le beau-pere. j- 


The mother-in-law, 


La belle-mere. ^ 


First cousin. 


Le cousin germain. ^ 


Brother-in-law, 


Beau -frere. , ^ 


Sister-in-law, 


Eelle-soeur. 


Grandfather, 


Grandpere. 



OF PA KENT AGE. 



165 



Grandmotlier, 

Great-grandfather, 

God-son, 

God-daughter, 

Uncle, 

Aunt, 

Cousin, 

Nephew, 

Niece, 

Parents, 

Distant relations. 

Ancestors, 

Lover, » 

Wedding, 

Marriage portion, 

A wedding present, 

Marriage, 

A bachelor, 

A widower, 

A widow. 

An heir. 

The name. 

The Christian name, 

A nickname. 

An orphan, 

A foundling, 



Grandmere. 

Bisaieule. 

Petit-fils. 

Petite fille. 

L'oncle. 

La tante. 

Le cousin. 

Le neveu. 

La niece. 

Les parents. 

Parents eloignes. 

Ancetres. 

Amant. 

La noce. 

La dot. 

Un pre'sent de noces. 

Le marriage. 

Un celibatere. 

Un veuf. 

Une veuve. 

Un heritier. 

Le nom. 

Lg nom de bapteme. 

Un sobriquet. 

Un orphelin. 

tin enfant trouve. 



166 



TRADES AKB PROFESSIONS. 



OP TRADES AND PROFES- 
SIONS, ETC. 

President, 

Chancellor, 

Minister of state, 

Priest, 

Curate, 

Pastor, 

General, 

Major-general, 

Colonel, 

Major, 

Captain, 

Lieutenant, 

Sergeant, 

Soldier, 

Lawyer, 

Painter, 

Artisan, 

Man of letters. 

Doctor, 

Musician, 

Actor, 

Dancer, 

Tailor, 

Shoemaker, 

Printer, 

Miller, 



DES ARTS ET DES ME- 
TIERS, ETC 

President. 

Chancellier. 

Ministre d'etat. 

Pretre. 

Cure. 

Pasteur. 

Ge'neraL 

Major-general. 

Colonel. 

Major. 

Capitaine. , 

Lieutenant. 

Sergent. 

Soldat. 

Avocat. 

Peintre. 

Artisan. 

Homme de lettres. 

Medecin. 

Musicien. 

Acteur. 

Danseur. 

Tailleur. 

Cordonnier. 

Imprimeur. 

Meunier. 



OIADE3 AXD PE0FESSI0X3. 



16-1 



Weaver, 

Cordwainer, 

Jeweler, 

Architect, 

Draper, 

Cooper, 

Druggist, 

Barber, 

Baker, 

Butcher, 

Cobbler, 

Mercer, 

Saddler, 

Shopkeeper, 

Farrier, 

Sculptor, 

Joiner, 

Mason, 

Lccksmitli, 

Pork-butcher, 

\7asher woman, 

Watchmaker, 

Glazier, 

Master, 

Yalet, waiter. 

Servant, 

Coachman, 

Chambermaid, 



Tisserand. 

Cordier. 

Joaillier. 

Architecte. 

Drapier. 

Tonnelier, 

Pharmacien. 

Barbier. 

Boulanger. 

Boucher. ' 

Savetier. 

Mercier. 

Sellier. 

Boutiquier. 

Marechal. 

Sculpteur. 

Menuisier. 

Ma^on. 

Serrurier. 

Charcutier. 

Blanchisseuse 

Horloger. 

Vitrier. 

Maitre. 

Yalet, gargon. 

Domestique. 

Cocher. 

Femme-de-chambre. 



168 



TRADES AND PROFESSIONS. 



Cook, 

Gardener, 

iGrocer, 

Brewer, 

Cabinet-maker, 

Wiieelwriglit, 

Chemist, 

Confectioner, 

Cutler, 

Dyer, 

Distiller, 

Engraver, 

Fishmonger, 

Founder, 

Fruiterer, 

Furrier, 

Gilder, 

Glass manufacturer, 

Glover, 

G olds mi til. 

Hatter, 

Pastry cook, 

Pedlar, 

Sempstress, 

Dressmaker, 

Surgeon, 

Surveyor, 

Tanner, 



Cuisinier-ere. 

Jardinier. 

Epicier. 

Brasseur. 

Ebeniste. 

Charron. 

Chimiste. 

Confiseur. 

Coutelier. 

Teinturier. 

Distillateur. 

Grave ur. 

Poissonnier. 

Fondeur. 

Fruitier. 

Fourreur. 

Doreur. 

Verrier. 

Gantier. 

Orfevre. 

Chapelier. 

Patissier. 

Colporteur. 

Lingere. 

Couturiere. 

Chirurgien. 

Arpenteur. 

Tanneur. 



CHRISTIAN NA3IES. 1 


Undertaker, 


Entrepreneur. 


Upholsterer, 


Tapissier. 


Workman, 


Ouvrier. 


Workwoman, 


Ouvriere. 


Wig-maker, 
Turner, 


Perruquier. 
Tourneur. 


Potter, 


Potier. 


Plasterer, 


Platrier. 


CHMSTIAN NAMES. 


NOMS DE BAPTFMT', 


John, 


Jean. 


Thomas, 


Thomas. 


Henrv, 


Henri. 


William, 


Guillaume. 


Samuel, 


Samuel. 


James, 


Jaques. 


Benjamin, 


Benjamin. 


Francis, 


Francois. 


Jacob, 


Jacob. 


Charles, 


Charles. 


Frederick, 


Frederic, 


Christian, 


Chretien. 


Joseph, 


Joseph. 


Peter, 


Pierre. 


Stephen, 


Etienne. 


Edward, 


Edouard. 


Theophilus, 


Theophile. 


Richard, 


Richard. 



169 



15 



170 



CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



George, 

Martin, 

Philip, 

Albert, 

Paul, 

Patrick, 

Andrew, 

Robert, 

Timothj, 

Daniel, 

Lewis, 

Augustus, 

Anne, 

Jane, 

Margaret, 

Mary, 

Julia, 

Eliza, 

Catharine, 

Sophia, 

Jeannette, 

Henrietta, 

Amelia. 

Georgians^ 

Sarah, 

Harriett, 

Elizabeth, 

Helen, 



George. 

Martin. 

Phillipe. 

Albert. 

Paul. 

Patrice. 

Andre. 

Robert. 

Thimothee. 

Daniel. 

Louis. 

Auguste. 

Annette. 

Jeannette. 

Marguerite. 

Marie. 

Julie. 

Elize. 

Catherine. 

Sophie. 

Jeannette. 

Henri ette. 

Emilie. 

Georgianne. 

Sarah. 

Henriette 

Elizabeth. 

Helena. 



NAMES OP COUNTKIES. 



171 



Frances, 


Frangoise. 


Martha, 


Marthe. 


Louisa, 


Louise. 


Caroline, 


Caroline. 


Isabel, 


Isabelle. 


Charlotte, 


Charlotte. 


Luej, 


Lucie. 


Susan, 


Susanne. 


NAMES OF COUNTRIES.'* 


NOM DE PAYS. 


France, 


France. 


England, 


Angleterre. 


United States, 


Etats-Unis. 


Canada, 


Canada. 


Italy, 


Italic. 


Spain, 


Espagne. 


Portugal, 


Portugal. • 


Germany, 


Allemagne. 


Switzerland, 


Suisse. 


Prussia, 


Prusse. 


Poland, 


Pologne. 


Turkey, 


Turquie. 


Bohemia, 


Boheme. 


Hungary, 


Hongrie. * 


Holland, 


Hollande. 



* The above are all of the gender which their terminations 
indicate, except Le Mexique and Le Bengale. 

The definite article le or la is generally used before the 
name of a country. Ex. La France, TEspagne, I'ltalie, &o. 



173 



NAMES OF COCNT15IE3. 



The Netherlands, 


Les Pays-] 


Scotland, 


Ecosse. 


Ireland, 


Irlande. 


Russia, 


Russie. 


Denmark, 


Danemarc, 


Sweden, 


Suede. 


Norway, 


Norvege. 


Tartarj, 


Tartaric. 


Arabia, 


Arabic. 


Persia, 


Perse. 


India, 


Inde. 


China, 


Chine. 


Mogul, 


Mogol. 


Bengal, 


Bengale. 


Malabar, 


Malabar. 


Japan, 


Japon. 


Barbarj, 


Barbaric. 


Egypt, 


Eg}^te. 


Zaara, 


Zaara. 


Nigritia, 


Nigritie. 


Guinea, 


Guinee. 


Ethiopia, 


Ethiopie. 


Caffraria, 


CafFrerie. 


Abyssinia, 


Abyssinie. 


Peru, 


Perou. 


Paraguay, 


Paraguay. 


Chili, 


Chili. 


Mexico, 


Mexique. 



OF business; 



173 



Brazil, 

Guiana, 

St. Domingo, 

Jamaica, 

Havana, 

OF BUSINESS. 

A banker, 

A merchant, 

A cashier, 

The cash, 

A clerk, 

The exchange-broker, 

A broker, 

A bill of exchange, 

A draft, 

A remittance. 

An acceptance, 

Maturity, 

Payment, 

Protest, 

Balance, 

Credit, 

Letter of credit. 

To settle an account, 

Receipt, 

Due-bill, 

A note. 



Bresil. 

Guiane. 
St. Domingue. 
Jamaique. 
La Havane. 

I)U COMMERCE. 

Un banquier. 

Un negociant. 

Uu caissier. 

La caisse. 

Un commis. 

Le courtier de chano-e. 

Un courtier. 

Une lettre de change. 

Une traite. 

Une remise. 

Une Acceptation.*' 

L'echeance. 

Le paiement. 

Le protet. 

La balance. 

Le credit. 

Une lettre de credit. 

Balancer un compte. 

La quittance. 

Un bon. 

Un billet. 



15* 



174 



OP THE COIJNTIIY. 



OF THE COUKTKY. 

The countrj, 

A landscape, 

A mountain, 

The high road, 

A vallej, 

A hill, 

A village, 

A farm, 

A mill, 

A shanty, 

A wood, 

A forest, 

A path, 

A spring, 

A stream, 

A ditch, 

A field. 
The sand. 
The gravel, 
The dust. 
The land, 
A plant. 
The grass. 
The weeds, 
A meadow, 
A garden, 
A park. 



DE LA CAMPAONE* 

Le campagne. 

Un paysage. 

Une montagne. 

La carriere. 

Une vallee, 

Une coUine. 

Un village. 

Une ferme. 

Un moulin. 

Une cabane. 

Un bois. 

Une foret. 

Un sentier. 

Une source. 

Un ruisseau. 

Un fosse. 

Un champ. 

Le sable. 

Le gravier. 

La poussiere. 

La terre. 

Une plante. 

L'herbe. 

Les mauvaises herbes. 

Un pre. 

Un jardin. 

Un pare. 



13 



OP ANIMALS. 



175 



A hot-house, 
A flower-pot, 
A walk, 
Manure, 
Dirt, 

OF ANIMALS. 

An animal, 
A beast, 
A flock, 
Wild beasts. 
The skin, 
The hair, 
The paw, 
The talons, 
The horn, 
A horse, 
A mare, 
A colt, 

A saddle-horse. 
Draught-horse, 
A horse-shoe, 
The harness, 
The bridle, 
The reins. 
The bit, 
The saddle. 
The stirrups, 



Une serre. 

Un pot-a-fleur. 

Une allee. 

Le fumier. 

La terre. — ^La boue. 

DES ANIMAUX. 

Un animal. 

Une bete. 

Un troupeau. 

Les betes sauvages. 

La peau. 

Le poll. 

La patte. 

Les griffes. 

La corne. 

Un cheval. 

Une jument. 

Un poulain. 

Un cheval-de-selle. 

Un cheval-de-trait, 

Un fer-a-cheval, 

Le harnais. 

La bride. 

Les renes. 

Le mords. 

La selle. 

Les etriers. 



176 



OF ths COUNTET. 



The spurs, 


Les eperons. 


A whip, 


Un fouet. 


An ass, 


Un ane. 


An ox. 


Un boeuf. 


A bull, 


Un taureau. 


A cow, 


Une vache. 


A calf. 


Un veau. 


A sheep, 


Une brebis. 


A ram, 


Un belier. 


A lamb, 


Un agneau. 


A hog, 


Un cochon. 


A sucking pig, 


Un cochon-de-lait. 


A goat. 


Une chevre. 


A dog. 


Un chien. 


A slut. 


Une chienne. 


A hunting-dog. 


Un chien-de-chasse. 


A cat. 


Un chat. 


A rat, 


Un rat. 


A mouse. 


Une souris. 


A hare. 


Un lievre. 


A monkey, 


Un singe. 


A squirrel, 


Un ecureuil. 


A fox, 


Un renard. 


A wolf, 


Un loup. 


A lion. 


Un lion. 


A bear. 


Un ours. 


An elephant, 


Un elephant. 


A leopard, 


Un leopard. 



VERMIN. 



Ill 



A. tiger, 
A cock, 
A hen, 
A duck, 
A goose. 
A turkey-cock, 
A hen-turkej, 
A chicken, 
A Guinea-hen, 
A peacock, 
The oysters, 
A crab, 

A lobster. 
An eel, 
A leech, 
A tortoise, 
A whale, 
A snake, 
A toad, 
A frog, 
A grub, 
A snail. 
An ant, 
A spider, 
A tick, 



VERMIH* 



A flea, 



Une 



Un tigre. 
Un coq. 
Une poule, 
Un canard. 
Une oie. 
Un din don. 
Une dinde. 
Un poulet. 
Une pintade. 
Un paon. 
Les huitres. 
Une crabe. — 

ecrivisse. 
Un homard. 
Une anguille. 
Une sangsue. 
Une tortue. 
Une baleine. 
Un serpent. 
Un crapeau. 
Une grenouille. 
Une chenille. 
Un escargot. 
Une fourmi. 
Une araignee. 
Une teigne. 



LA VERMNE. ^ 

Une puce. 



178 



GRAIN AND VEGETABLES. 



A bug, 


Une punaise. 


A louse, 


Un pou. 


A fly, 


Une mouche. 


A wasp, 


Une guepe. 


A bee, 


Une abeille. 


GRAIN AND VEGETABLES. 


SEMENCES ET VEGETAUX* 


Wheat, 


Le ble. 


Oats, 


L'avoine. 


Barley, 


L'orge. 


Rye, 


Le seigle. 


Buckwheat, 


Le sarrasin. 


Corn, 


Le maiz. 


Rice, 


Le riz. 


A potato. 


Une pomme-de-terre. 


The vegetables, 


Les legumes. 


Peas, 


Les pois. 


Beans, 


Les haricots. 


Cabbage, 


Le choux. 


Cauliflower, 


Le choux-fleur. 


Lettuce, 


La laitue. 


Endive, 


L' endive. 


Celery, 


Le celeri. 


Turnips, 


Les navets. 


Carrots, 


Les carottes. 


Beets, 


Les betteraves. 


Radish, 


Le radis. 


Onions, 


Les ognoijs. 



PEUrrS AND TREES. 



179 



Spinnage, 

Pumpkins, 

Cucumbers, 

Gerkins, 

Melons, 

Parsnip, 

Horse-radish, 

Asparagus, 

Tomatoes, 

FRUITS AND TREES, 

A tree, 
A fruit-tree, 
The trunk. 
The root, 
A branch, 
A twig, 
A leaf, 
The bark, 
The blossom, 
The fruit. 
The peel, 
The kernel. 
The pip, 
An apple. 
An apple-tree, 
A pear, 
A pear-tree, 



Les epinards, 
Les courges. 
Les concombres, 
Les cornichons, 
Les melons. 
Le panais. * 

Le raifort. 
Les asperges. 
Les tomates. 

LES FRUITS ET LES ARBRES 

Un arbre. 

Une arbre fruitier. 

Le tronc. 

La racine. 

Une branchce 

Un rameau. 

Une feuille. 

L'ecorce. 

La fleur. 

Le fruit. 

La pelure. 

Le noyau. 

Le pepin. 

Une pomme. 

Un pommier. 

Une poire. 

Un poirier. 



180 



LIST OP USEFUL ADJECTIVES 



A cherry, 

A cherrj-tree, 

A plum, 

A plum-tree, 

A walnut, 

A walnut-tree, 

A chestnut, 

A chestnut-tree, 

A lemon, 

A lemon-tree. 

An orange. 

An orange-tree, 

A raspberry, 

A strawberry, 

A quince, 

A currant, 

A gooseberry, 
A vine, 
The grapes, 
A bunch. 
The vineyard, 



Une cerise. 

Un cerisier. 

Une prune. 

Un prunier. 

Une noix. 

Un noyer. 

Une chataigne. 

Un chataignier. 

Un citron. 

Un citronier. 

Une orange. 

Un oranger. 

Une framboise. 

Une fraise. 

Un quoin. 

Une groseille-a-maque- 

reau. 
Une groseille. 
Une vigne. 
Les raisins. 
Une grappe. 
Le vignoble. 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF USEFUL ADJECTIVES. 

General rah of the formation of the feminine^ singular^ 
and masculine and ferainine plural of adjectives* 
If the adjective eads in t mute, it undergoes no change for 
the femiuine singular. If it does not end in c mute, an c muto 



LIST OF USEFUL ADJECTIVES. 



181 



must be added to form the femiDiue singular. The general 
rule for the formation of the plural, is to add an s to the mas- 
culine or feminine singular, to make the adjective masculine 
or feminine plural. Adjectives ending in s or 2: do not change 
for the plural masculine. In the following adjectives the ex- 
ceptions are noted and explained. Irregular adjectives are 
in italics. See also rules of the adjective, i>age 53 



Aged, 


Age. 


Agreeable, 


Agreable. 


Angry, 


Fache. 


Anxious, 


Anxieux-se. 


Awkward, 


Maladroit. 


Barefaced, 


Effronte. 


Beautiful, 


Beau^ belle. Plural, 


. 


beaux, belles. 


Bold, 


Hardi. 


Brown, 


Brun. 


Capable, 


Capable. 


Careful, 


Soigneux-se. 


Cheap, 


A ban marche, (bonne.) 


Clear, 


Clair. 


Clean, 


Propre. 


Cold, 


Froid. 


Comfortable, 


Etre bien a son aise. 


Compassionate, 


Compatissant. 


Constant, 


Constant. 


Covetous, 


A.var^. 



183 



UST OF USEFUL ADJECTIVES. 



Cowardly, 


Poltron-nne, 


Crafty, 


Ruse. 


Crooked, 


Tordu. 


Cruel, 


Cruel'lle. 


Cunning. 


Euse. 


Damp, 


Humide. 


I)eaf, 


Sourd. 


Dear, 


Cher. 


Decent, 


Decent. 


Despicable. 


Meprisable. 


Dirty, 


Sale. 


Discontented, 


Mecontent. 


Disobliging, 


Desobligeant. 


Disorderly, 


Deregle'. • 


Dry, 


SeCj seche. 


Dumb, 


Muet'tte. 


Easy, 


Facile. 


Empty, 


Vide. 


Estimable, 


Estimable. 


Even, 


Egal. Plural, egaux. 


Faitliful, 


Fidele. 


Fat, 


Gras^ grasse. 


Fierce, 


Fier. 


Flat; 


Plat, platte. 


Fond, 


Afiectionne. 



UST OF USEFUL ADJECTIVES. 



183 



Frank, 


Franc^ franche. 


Friendly, 


Amical. 


FuD, 


Plein. 


Gay, 


Gai. 


Generous, 


Generewx^ se. 


Glad, 


Content, 


Good, 


Boriy bonne. 


Grateful, 


Eeconnaissant. 


Great, 


Grand. 


Green, 


Yert. 


Guilty, 


Coupable. 


Handy, 


Adroit. 


Handsome, 


Beau. Feminine, belle. 




masc. plu. beaux. 


Happy, 


Heureux, se. 


Hard, 


Dur. 


Hardy, 


Hardi. 


Hasty, 


Emporte, 


Headstrong, 


Entete. 


High, 


Haut. 


Honest, 


Honnete. 


Hostile, 


Hostile. 


Hot, 


Chaud. 


Ignorant, 


Ignorant. 


Impatient, 


Impatient. 



184: LIST OF USEFUL ADJECTIVES. 


liiipolite, 


Impoli. 


Imprudent, 


Imprudent. 


Incapable, 


Incapable. 


Inconstant, 


Inconstant. 


Indecent, 


Indecent. 


Inexorable, 


Inexorable 


Innocent, 


Innocent. 


Irresolute, 


Irresolu. 


Jealous, 


Jaloux, se. 


Just, 


Juste. 


Kind, 


£on, bonne. 


Large, 


Grand. 


Lazy, 


Faj^esseux, se. 


Lean, 


Maigre. 


Learned, 


Instruit. 


Little, 


Petit. 


Long, 


Long, longue. , 


Lovely^ 


Charmant. 


Low, 


J3as, basse. 


Mad, 


Fdu. Fern. foUe, en- 




rage. 


Mean, 


Chiche, has, basse. 


Mild, 


Doux, ce. 


Modest, 


Modeste, 



UST OF USEFUL AI>JECTIVES. 



185 



Muddy, 

Narrow, 

Naughty, 

Neat, 

Negligent, 

New, 

Nice, 

Noble, 

Noisy, 

Obedient, 
Obliging, 
Old, . 
Open, 
Orderly, 

Painful, 

Patient, 

Pleased, 

Polite, 

Poor, 

Proud, 

Prudent, 

Punctual, 

Queer, 



Crotte. 

Etroit. 
Mechant. 
Propre. 
Negligeant. 
iVm/, ve., 

velle. 
Bon^ bonne. 
Noble. 
Tapageur. 

Obeissant. 
Obligeant. 
Vieuxj vieille. 
Ouvert. 
Pegle. 

Penible. 

Patient. 

Content. 

Poli. 

Pauvre. 

Fier. 

Prudent. 

Exact. 

Drole. 



NouveaUj 



16* 



186 



LIST OF USEFUL ADJECTIVES. 



Quick, 
Quiet, 

Raw, 

Red, 

Reserved, 

Resolute, 

Rich, 

Rough, 

Round, 

Rude, 

Rustj, 

Sad, 

Salt, 

Saucj, 

Short, 

Sick, 

Sickly, 

Sincere, 

Slow, 

Small, 

Smooth, 

Soft, 

Soothing, 

Sound, 

Sorry, 

Straight, 



Vif^ ve. 
Tranquille, 

Cru. 

Rouge. 

Reserve, 

Resolu. 

Riche. 

Rude. 

Rond. 

Brusque, 

Rouille. 

Triste. 

Sale. 

Impudent. 

Court. 

Malade. 

MaladiJ\ ve. 

Sincere. 

Lent. 

Petit. 

Egaly egaux. 

Doux^ douce, 

Calmant. 

En tier, en bonne sante. 

Fache. 

Droit. 



LIST OP USEFUL ADJECTIVES. 



187 



Strong, 
Sweet, 

Tall, 

Tame, 

Tender, 

Thick, 

Thin, 

Thoughtful, 

Thoughtless, 

Tough, 

Uglj, 

Uneasy, 

Uneven, 

Ungrateful, 

Unfaithful, 

Unhappv, 

Unjust, 

Unworthy, 

Useful, 

Useless, 

Valid, 
Variable, 
Vicious, 
Virtuous, 

Wasteful, 



Fort. 

Doux, ce, ' 

Grand. 
Apprivoise. 
Tendre. 
JEpais^^ sse, 
IVIince. 
Pensif^ ve. 
Sans pensee. 
Dur. 

Laid, 

Mai a son aise. 

Inegal. 

Ingrat. 

Infidele. 

MalheureuXj se. 

Injuste. 

Indigne. 

UtHe. 

Inutile. 

Valable. 
Variable. 

Vicieux, se, 
VertueuXy se. 

Extravagant. 



18S 



UST OF USEFUL VEEBS. 



Weak, 


Faible. 


White, 


Blanc^ hlanche. 


Wicked, 


Mechant. 


Wide, 


Large. 


Wild, 


Sauvage. 


Worthy, 


Digne. 


Young, 


Jeune, 


Zealous, 


Zele. 


ALPHABETICAL LIS1 


: OP USEPUL YERBS. 


IRREGULAR VEI 


IBS IN ITALICS. 


Abandon, 


Abandonner, 


Abuse, 


Abuser. 


Accompany, 


Accompagner. 


Acquit, 


Acquitter, 


Admit, 


Admettre. 


Admire, 


Admirer. 


Adore, 


Adorer. 


Adorn, 


Orner. 


Affirm, 


Affirmer. 


Agree, 


Etre d'accord, convenir. 


Alter, 


Changer. 


Amuse, 


Amuser, 


Announce, 


Annoncer. 



LIST OF tySEFUL %Ti:PvBS. 



189 



Annul, 

Answer, 

Appear, 

Appease, 

Ask, 

Assign, 

Assort, 

Assure, 

Attach, 

Attack, 

Attend, 

Attribute, 

Authorise, 

Avert, 

Avoid, 

Bathe, 

Banish, 

Balance, 

Be, 

Beat, 

Bear, 

Become, 

Beg, . 

Believe, 

Bend, 

Bet, 

Betray, 



AnuUer. 
Eepondre. 

Parditre, 

Appaiser. 

Demander. 

Assigner. 

Assortir. 

Assurer. 

Attacher. 

Attaquer. 

Faire attention. 

Attribuer. 

Authoriser. 

Avertir. 

Eviter. 

Baigner. 

Bannir. 

Balancer, 

Etre. 

Battre. 

Supporter. 

Devenir. 

Mandier. 

Croire, 

PHer. 

Parier. 

Trahir. 



190 



LIST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



Bind^ 


Attacher, relier. 


Bite, 


Mordre. 


Blame, 


Blamer. 


Bleed, 


Saignen 


Bless, 


Benir. 


Blossom, 


Fleurir, 


Blow, 


Souffler. 


Blush, 


Rougir. 


Boast, 


Vanter-(se.) 


Boil, 


Bouillir. 


Bore, 


Percer. 


Borrow, 


Emprunter. 


B^and, 


Marquer. 


Brave, 


Braver. 


Bray, 


Braire. 


Break, 


Casser, rompre. 


Bring, 


Apporter. 


Breakfast, 


Dejeuner. 


Broil, 


Griller. 


Build, 


Batir. 


Bum, 


Bruler. 


Burst, 


Eclater. 


Buy, 


Acheter. 


Bury, 


Enterrer, 


Calculate, 


Calculer. 


Call, 


Appeler. 


Calm, 


Calmer. 


Calumniate, 


Calomnier. 



OST OF USEFUL VEBB3. 



191 



Caress, 


Caresser. 


Carry, 


Porter. 


Catch, 


Attraper. 


Claim, 


Demander. 


Class, 


Classifiier. 


Clean, 


Nettojer. 


Cling, 


S'attacher. 


Change, 


Changer. 


Charge, 


Charger. 


Chase, 


Chasser. 


Choose, 


Choisir. 


Come, 


Venir. 


Comfort, 


Soulager. 


Command, 


Commander. 


Commence, 


Commences • 


Commit^ 


Commettre, 


Compare, 


Comparer. 


Compose, 


Composer. 


Complain, 


Flaindre, (se.) 


Comprehend, 


Comprendre. 


Condemn, 


Condamner. 


Condense, 


Condenser 


Condnct, 


Conduire, 


Confess, 


Confesser. 


Confide, 


Confier. 


Conform, 


Conformer. 


Confiscate, 


Confisquer. 


Consecrate, ' 


Consacrer. 


Consent, . ' 


Consentir. 



192 



UST OF USEFUL VEKBS. 



Consist, 


Consister. ' 


Consider, 


Considerer, 


Consult, 


Consultere 


Contain, 


Contenir, 


Contemplate, 


Contempler. 


Cook, 


Cuire, 


Correct, 


Corriger. 


Cost, 


Cofiter. 


Cough, 


Tousser. 


Count, 


Conter. 


Cover, 


Couvrir. 


Create, 


Creer, 


Crj, 


Pleurer. 


Curb, 


Courber. 


Curse, 


Maudire. 


Cut, 


Couper. 


Dance, 


Danser. 


Deceive, 


Tromper. 


Decide, 


Decider, 


Declare, 


Declarer. 


Decorate, 


Decorer. 


Deface, 


Defigurer, 


Defend, 


Defendre. 


Define, 


Definir. 


Defy, 


Defier. 


Degrade, 


Degrader. 


Delay, 


Demeurer. 



LIST OF USEFDL VEEBS. 



193 



Deliberate, 


Deliberer. 


Deliver, 


Livrer. 


Demand, 


Demander. 


Demolish, 


Demolir. 


Depart, 


Partir. 


Depend, 


Dependre. 


Depose, 


Deposer. 


Deprive, 


Priver. 


Derange, 


Deranger, 


Derive, 


Deriver. 


Descend, 


Descendre. 


Describe, 


Decrire. 


Desire, 


De'sirer, 


Despair 


Desesperer. 


Despise, 


Mepriser, 


Detain, 


Detenir, 


Determine, 


Determiner. 


Die, 


Mourir. 


Dig, 


Becher, piocher. 


Digest, 


Digerer. 


Differ, 


Differer. 


Dine, 


Diner. 


Discharge, 


Decharger. 


Discourage, 


Decourager. 


Discover, 


Decouvrir. 


Disown, 


Desavouer. 


Disappear, 


Disparaitre. 


Displease, 


Deplaire. 



17 



194 



LIST OP USErUL VERBS. 



Dispose, 

Disseminate, 

Dissipate, 

Do, 

Drag, 

Dream, 

Drink, 

Dress, 

Drown, 

Dje, 



Disposer. 

Dissimuler. 

Dissiper. 

Faire. 

Trainer. 

liever. 

Boire, 

S'habiller. 

Nojer. 

Teindre. 



Ease, 
Eat, 
EiFace, 
Effect, 
Elect, 
Elevate, 
Embarrass, 
Embellish, 
Empty, 
Encourage, 
Endure, 
tnter, 
Sntertain, 
Xnvj, 
Envelop, 
ET][ualize, 
Erect, 



Soulager. 

Manger. 

Effacer. 

Effectuer. 

Elire, 

Elever. 

Embarasser 

Embellir. 

Vider. 

Encourager. 

Endurer. 

Entrer. 

Entretenir^ 

Envier. 

Enveloper. 

Egalizer. 

Eriger. 



LIST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



195 



Escape, 

Espouse, 

Esteem, 

Evade, 

Evince, 

Examine, 

Excel, 

Exclude, 

Exist, 

Expel, 

Expire, \ 

Expose, 

Express, 

Fall, 

Fast, 

Fatten, 

Fatigue, 

Favor, 

Fear, 

Feast, 

Feed, 

Feel, 
Fill, 

Find, . 
Finish, 
Fish, 



Echapper. 

Epouser 

Estimer. 

Eviter. 

Montrer. 

Examiner. 

Exceller. 

Exclure. 

Exister 

Expulser. 

Expirer. 

Exposer. 

Exprimer, 

Tomber. 

Jeuner. 

Engraisser. 

Fatiguer. 

Favoriser. 

Craindm. 

Feter. 

Manger, donner a 

manger. 
Sentir. 
Eemplir. 
Trouver. 
Finir. 
Pecher. 



196 



LIST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



Fix, 

Flatter, 

Flourish, 

Follow, 

Foresee, 

Forget, 

Fortify, 

Frequent, 

Furnish, 

Gain, 

Garnish, 

Get, 

Give, 

Go, 

Govern, 

Grant, 

Grind, 

Guard, 

Guide, 

Guild, 

Handle, 

Hang, 

Hasten, 

Hate, 

Have, 

Heal, 



Arranger. 

Flatter. 

Fleurir. 

Suivre. 

Frevoir. 

Oublier. 

Fortifier. 

Frequenter. 

Fournir. 

Gagner, 

Garnir. 

Procurer, etc. 

Donrier. 

Aller. 

Gouverner. 

Accorder. 

Moudre. 

Garder. 

Guider. 

Dorer. 

Manier. 

Pendre. 

Hater, (se.) 

Hair. 

Avoir. 

Guerir. 



UST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



197 



Heat, 


Chauffer. 


Hide, 


Cacher. 


Hoist, 


Hisser. 


Honor, 


Honorer. 


Hunt, 


Chasser.. 


Hurt, 


Nuire. 


Imagine, 


Imaginer. 


Imitate, 


Imiter. 


Impede, 
Impose, 
Indicate, 
Inhabit, 


Empecher. 
Imposer. 
Indiquer. 
Habiter. 


Inflame, 


Enflammer. 


Instruct, 


Listruire. 


Invent, 


Inventer. 


Invest, 


Invester. 


Interrogate, 


Interroger. 


Intimidate, 


Intimider. 


Introduce, 


Introdurre, 


Join, 


Joindre. 


Joke, 


Badiner. 


Judge, 
Jump, 
Justify, 


Juger. 

Sauter. 

.Justifier. 



Kill, 



Tuer. 



17* 



198 



OST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



Know, 

Kiss, 

Lance, 

Last, 

Laugh, 

Learn, 

Leave, 

Lend, 

Lessen, 

Let, 

Lie, 

Lie down, 

Lift, 

Light, 

Live, 

Lodge, 

Look, 

Lose, 

Loosen, 

Love, 

Maintain, 

Make, 

^lanifest, 

March, 

Mark, 

Marry, 



Savoir, Connaitre. 
Embrasser, 



Lancer. 
Durer. 

Apprendre, 

Laisser. 

Preter. 

Diminuer. 

Pei-mettre, Louer. 

Mentir, 

Coucher, (se.) 

Lever. 

Allumer. 

Vivre^ Demeurer. 

Loger. 

Kegarder. 

Perdre. 

Lacher. 

Aimer. 

Maintenir^ 

Faire. 

Manifester. 

Marcher. 

Marquer. 

Marrier. (se) 



LIST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



199 



Measure 
Mend, 
Merit, 
Mind, 

Miss, 

Moderate, 
Modify, 
Mount, 
Move, 

Name, 
Navigate, 
Neglect, 
Nourish, 

Obey, 

Object, 

Oblige, 

Observe, 

Obtain, 

Occasion, 

Occupy, 

Occur, 

Offend, 

Offer, 

Omit, 

Open, 



Mesurer. 

Raccommoder. 

Meriter. 

Faire attention. 

Manquer. 

Meier. 

Moderer. 

Modifier. 

Monter. 

Mouvoir^ Bouger. 

Nommer. 
Naviguer. 
Ne'gliger. 
Nourrir. 

Obeir. 

Object er. 

Obliger. 

Observer. 

Obtenir. 

Occasionner. 

Occuper. 

Arriver. 

Offenser, 

Ofrir. 

Omettre. 

Ouvrir, 



200 



LIST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



Oppose, 

Oppress, 

Ordain, 

Outrage, 

Owe, 

Paint, 

Palpitate, 

Pardon, 

Part, 

Partake, 

Penetrate, 

People, 

Perish, 

Permit, 

Perfume, 

Perjure, 

Perpetuate, 

Persist, 

Petrify, 

Pick, 

Pierce, 

Plant, 

Play, 

Plead, 

Please, 

Poison, 

Polish, 



Opposer. 

Opprimer. 

Ordonner. 

Outrager. 

Devoir. 

Peindre. 
Palpiter. 
Pardonner, 
Separer, (se.) 
Partager. 
Penetrer. 
Peupler. 
Perir. 
Permettre, • 
Parfumer. 
Parjurer. 
Perpetuer. 
Persister. 
Petrifier. 
Cueillir. 
Percer. 
Planter. 
Jouer. 
Plaider, 
Plaire, 

Empoisonner. 
Polir. 



UST OF USEFTL TEEBS. 



201 



Pour, 


Verser. 


Praj, 


Prier. 


Preach, 


Precher. 


Precipitate, 


Pre'cipiter. 


Precede, 


Preceder. 


Predict, 


Predire. 


Predominate, 


Predominer. 


Prefer, 


Preferer. 


Prepare, 


Pre'parer. 


Prescribe, 


Prhcrire. 


Present, 


Presenter. 


Pretend, 


Pretendre. 


Prevent, 


Empecher. 


Print, 


Imprimer. 


Procure, 


Procurer. 


Pronounce, 


Prononcer. 


Protect, 


Proteger. 


Provoke, 


Provoquer. 


Prune, 


TaiUer. 


Publish, 


Publier. 


Pull, 


Tirer. 


Purge, 


Purger. 


Pui^ue, 


Poarsuivre. 


Piit, 


Mettre. 


Question, 


Questionner, 


Qualifj, 


Qualifier. 



Rain, 



Pleutoir, 



202 



UST OF USEFUL VEEBS. 



Raisej 


Lever, elever. 


Read, 


Lire. 


Receive, 


Recevoir. 


Relate, 


Raconter. 


Relish, 


Gouter. 


Relieve, 


Soulager. 


Remain, 


Rester. 


Remind. 


Rappeler. 


Render, 


Rendre. 


Repeat, 


Repeter. 


Repel, 


Repousser. 


Repent, 


Repentir, (se.) 


Replace, 


Remplacer. 


Resent, 


Bessentir. 


Report, 


Rapporter. 


Reproach, 


Reprocher. 


Reserve, 


Reserver. 


Resound, 


Resonner. 


Respect, 


Respecter. 


Resuscitate, 


Ressusciter. 


Restore, 


Rendre, 


Ripen, 


Murir. 


Rise, 


Lever, (se.) 


Risk, 


Risquer. 


Roast, 


Rotir. 


Rock, 


Bercer. 


Roll, 


Rouler. 


Rub, 


Froisser. 



LIST OF USEFIH. VEKBS. 


Eun, 


Courir, 


Salt, 


Saler. 


Salute, 


Saluer. 


Satisfy, 


Satisfaire, 


Saw, 


Scier. 


Say, 


Dire. 


Seal, 


Cacheter. 


Seduce, 


Seduire. 


feee,. 


Voir, 


Seek, 


Chercher, 


Send, 


Envoyer. 


Send back, 


Emvot/er. 


Sell, 


Vendre^ 


Separate, 


Separer. 


Serve, 


Servir.' 


Set, 


Mettre. 


Sew, 


Coudre, 


Sbave, 


Baser. 


Sliine, 


Luire, 


Show, 


Montrer. 


Shut, 


Fermer. 


Seize, 


Saisir. 


Sigh, 


Soupirer, 


Sign, 


Signer. 


Sin, 


Pecher. 


Sing, 


Chanter. 


Sink, 


Couler a fond. 



203 



204 



UST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



Sit, 

Skin, 

Sleep, 

Slide, 

Slip, 

Smell, 

Smile, 

Smoke, 

Snow, 

Speak, 

Spell, 

Spend, 

Squint, 

Stand, 

Stain, 

Steer, 

Step, 

Stink, 

Sting, 

Stir, 

Stoop, 

Stop, 

Strain, 

Stretch, 

Struggle, 

Stun, 

Stutter, 

Subscribe, 



S^Asseoir, 
Ecorcber. 
Donnir, 
Glisser. 
Glisser. 
Sentir. 
Sourire, 
Fumer. 
Neiger. 
Parler. 
Epeler. 
Depenser. 
Loucber. 
Se tenir debout, 
'Souiller. 
Guider. 
Mettre le pied, 
Puer. 
Piquer. 
Bouger. 
Pencher. 
S'arreter. 
S'efiorcer, 
Etendre. 
Lutter. 
Etourdir 
Balbutier. 
Sotcscnre. 



UST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



205 



Succeed, 

Suck, 

Succor, 

Succumb, 

Support, 

Suppose, 

Supplant, 

Suppress, 

Surcharge, 

Surmount, 

Surprise, 

Survive, 

Suspend, 

Suspect, 

Suit, 

Take, 

Tame, 

Taste, 

Tax, 

Teach, 

Tear, 

Temper, 

Teaze, 

Thank, 

Think, 

Throw, 

Touch, 



Eeussir. 

Sucer. 

Secourir. 

Succomber. 

Supporter. 

Supposer. 

Supplanter. 

Supprimer. 

Surcharger. 

Surmonter. 

Suiyrendre, 

Survivre. 

Suspendre. 

SoupQonner. 

Convenir, 

Prendre, 

Apprivoiser. 

Gouter, 

Taxer. 

Enseigner. 

Dechirer. 

Temperer. 

Ennuyer. 

Remercier. 

Penser. 

Jeter. 

Toucher. 



18 



206 



UST OF USEFUL VERBS. 



Transform, 

Translate, 

Transmit, 

Transpose, 

Travel, 

Turn, 

Twist, 

Undergo, 

Undo, 

Unite, 

Understand, 

Undress, 

Uphold, 

Upset, 

Use, 

Varnish, 

Vanquish, 

Varj, 

Vegetate, 

Vend, 

Visit, 

Vomit, 

Wait, 

Wake, 

Walk, 



Transformer. 

Traduire. 

Transmettre. 

Transposer. 

Voyager. 

Tourner. 

Tordre. 

Souffrir, 

Defaire. 

Unir. 

Compre7idre, 

Deshabiller, (se.) 

Soutenir, 

Kenverser. 

User. 

Vernir. 

Vaincre, 

Varier. 

Vegeter. 

Vendre. 

Visiter. 

Vomir. 

Attendre. 
Eveiller. 
Promener, (se.) 



LIST OF USEbniL A^RBS. 



207 



Waltz, 

Wander, 

Water, 

Wear, 

Wed, 

Weed, 

Welcome, 

Wet, 

Whistle, 

Wind up, 

Wish, 

Work, 

Wound, 

Wrestle, 

Write, 

Yield, 
YeU, 
Tawn, 
Yelp, 



Valser. 
S'egarer. 
Arroser. 
Porter. 
Epouser. 

Arracher les mau- 
vaises herbes. 

Accueillir, 

Mouiller. 

Sifiler. 

Remonter. 

Vouloir souhaiter, 

Travailler. 

Blesser. 

Lutter. 
f 

Ecrire. 

Ceder. 
Crier. 
Bailler. 
Aboyer. 



ATTENTION! 
When you read, pronounce out loud, or at least 
Icud enough to hear for yourself, how you do pro- 



208 ON PKONUKCIATION. 

nounce, and never be slij of asking whetlier you pro- 
nounce right or wrong. 

Eepeat the same over and over again ^ till jou and 
your friends are perfectly satisiied of your correct 
pronunciation. If you have ??o one to converse Avith, 
£itroduce yourself to the chair or table : you will 
'hen have a double opportunity, by acting both parts 
yourself. It may sound somewhat lidiculous, but it 
has often been practiced to great advantage To 
pronounce one page quite right is of the highest im- 
portance^ is not hard to accomplish, and serves as a 
key to nearly the whole. 

I only advise you what to do. If only a very lit- 
tle, learn often nnd pronounce continually. You 
will soon find it as easy as your own language* 
Compose at least six lines a day, eve7y day, to the best 
of your knowledge, and write them in a book, await- 
ing a favorable opportunity for correction. Avail 
yourself of every chance of putting in a Prench ivord, 
and don't be satisfied to look at anything without 
knowing its name in French. 

Keep a journal of your occupations, in FrencK 
As you improve, you may correct and re-copy. At- 
tend a French church occasionally. Keep this book 
in your pocket, and a small piece of paper in it to 
note difhculties, etc. Where there is a will, there is 
a way ; and the right way is here the simplest, and 
the most easy of access. Only try it ; you are bound 
to succeed. 



CONTERSATIONAI.. 



209 



SPEING. 

The birds are singing. 
The grass begins to grow. 



How green everything 

looks ! 
The lambs are playing in 

the fields. 
What beautiful flowers ! 
Your garden is full of 

weeds. 
I must get it dug. 

This tree is dead. 
The peach-trees are be- 
ginning to blossom. 



LE PEINTEMPS. 

Les oiseaux chantent. (1) 
L'herbe commence (2) a 

croitre. (3) 
Ccmme tout parait vert ! 

Les agneaux jouent dam 

les champs. 
Quelles belles fleurs. ! 
Votre jardin est plein de 

mauvaises herbes. 
Ufaut (4) que je le fasse 

becher. 
Get arbre est mort, 
Les pechers commencent 
a fleurir. 



1. Chantent. Tlie presei:it tense of tlie verb to he, cannot 
be used with tlie present pai-tieiple of the verb, as in Eoglish, 
** are singing." The present oito he, with the participle pre- 
sent, must be expressed by the present tense of the verb it- 
self in French; and the imperfect of the verb to he, with the 
participle present, must be expressed by the imperfect tense 
of the verb itself Ex. I am eating, Je mange. I was eating, 
Je mangeais. 

2. Commencer, always followed by the preposition a. 

3. Croitre. The infinitive form of the verb follows all pre 
positions, with the exception of en, which is followed by the 
participle present. 

4. Ilfaut governs the subjunctive, when followed by qm, 

18* 



210 



COm^EKSATIONAL. 



The vines must be pruned 
in February. 

I have sowed onion, pars- 
nip, carrot, and cab- 
bage seed. 

The seeds are coming up. 

Have the paths cleaned. 
Tell the gardener to put 
out the cabbage plants. 

SUI^-ITylEK. 

How very hot ! 

The thermometer is at 93. 

I can scarcely breathe. 
Let us go and bathe. 
The mosquetoes are very 

troublesome. 
Look at the flies ! 
You must buy a muzzle 

for the dog. 
There's a mad doo^ ! 



En fevrier il faut tail- 

ler (1) les vignes. 
Jai erne des Sognon, des 

carrotteSj des panais, 

et des choux 
Les graines commencent 

a pousser. 
Faites nettoyer les alle'es. 
Dites (2)au jardinier qu'ii 

transplante les choux. 

l'et]^. 
Comme 'A fait chaud ! 
Le thermometre est a 93 

degres. 
Je puis a peine respirer 
AUons nous baigner. 
Les moustiques sent bien 

ennuyants. 
Voyez les mouches^ 
Yous devez acheter une 

museliere pour le cliien. 
Yoila un chien enrag .u) 



1. Tailhr. One verb governs another in the infiL-itive, if 
que be net between them. 

2. Dttcs. The veib dire is folhiwed by a before a voun, 
and by de before a verb in the iniinitive. 

3. Enrage is used to express the madness of ado.JLr, aiid not 
fou, mad. It means also enraged. But we can't say a dog ib' fou. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



211 



I perspire night and daj. 

You must put on lighter 
clothing. 

I am dying with heat. 

Let us take some ice- 
cream. 

Wine and Vv^ater is the 
best summer drink. 

Let us sit down under the 
shade of this tree. 

A musquito has just stung 
me on the neck. 

It is very dusty. 

What a beautiful rainbow! 
We shall have a fine day 

to-morrow. 
It is so terribly hot that 

I can't sleep. 



Je transpire niiit et jour. 
II faut mettre des habille- 

ments plus legers. 
Je meurs de chaleur. 
Frenons de la creme a la 

glace. 
En ete, la meilleure bois- 

son est du vin avec de 

I'eau. 
Asseyons-nous a I'ombre 

de cet arbre. 
Un moustique vient (1) de 

me piquer. au cou. (2.) 
II fait beaucoup de pous- 

siere. 
Quel bel (3) arc-en -ciel ! 
^fera beau temps demain. 

II fait si terriblement 
chaud, quejene//im(4) 
dormir. 



1. Vicnt. Vcnir de, when preceding another verb, is used 
to express an action just conipleted. 

2. All cou. On, when on any part of the body, is expressed 
by au, a la, a I'aux; an couy a la jamhe, aux genoux, etc.; on 
the neck, on the leir, on the knees, etc. 

3. Bd is nsed instead of beau, before a word masculine sin- 
gular, beginning with a vowel. 

4. Nbpuis. The omission of the second negative after the 
verb pouvoimisikes the de-jiial stronget'. 



212 



C02?VEr.SATI0NAX. 



AUTUMN. 

The corn is getting ripe. 

The potatoes must be dug 

kre the dahlias in blos- 
som? 
Tou can buy peaches at 
three shillings a bushel. 

The leaves begin to fall. 

The days are got much 

shorter. 
The nights begin to get 

cooler. 
I am not very sorry for it. 

Nor I either. 

Which do you like best, 

heat or cold? 
I don't like either. 



L AUTOMNE, 

Le ma'iz commence a mil- 

rir. (1.) 
11 faut arracher les pom- 

mes-de-terre. 
Les dahlias, sont-ils en 

ileur? 
Onpeut acheter les peches 

a trois schellings le 

boisseau. 
Les feuilles commenccnt 

a tomber. 
Les jours sont bien rac- 

courcis. 
Les nuits commencent a 

devenir plus frafches. 
Je n'en suis pas bien fa- 

che. (2.) 
Ni moi non plus. 
Que preferez vous, la cha- 

leur ou le froid 1 
Je n'aime ni Tun ni 

r autre. 



1. Mu:iz, The cliaresis is used to divide the sound of the 
vowels. Ma'iz is sounded ma-ee, instead oi may. 

2. En ha« a great many uieanini^s. When a pronoun, it 
stands for, of it, from it, for it, any, some, out of it, etc and 
is always before the verb, except in the imperative affirma- 

ive. Ex. Mangez-en, eat some. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



213 



We always complain of 

the weather. 
It is always either too 

hot or too cold. 
It is magnificent harvest 

weather. 
The crops will be heavy. 

The reapers are cutting 

the wheat. 
Can you mow? 
My scythe does not cut. 
You must whet it. 
The heat overcomes me. 

WINTER. 

Have you bought your 

winter clothing ? 
It freezes hard. 
How cold it is ! 
Stir the fire ! 
Put on some coal. 
The pond is frozen over. 
Look at the boys skating 

on the river. 
Let us take a sleiorhride. 



Nous nou^ plaignons tou- 

jours du tems. 
Il/a/^ toujours trop 

chaud ou trop froid. 
H fait un temps magni- 

fique pour la moisson. 
La recolte sera abon- 

dante. 
Les moissonneurs coupent 

le ble. 
Poiovez vous faucher? 
Ma faux ne coupe pas. 
llfaut I'aiguiser. 
La chaleur m'abat. 

l'hiver. 
Avez vous achete vos ha- 

billements d'hiver t 
II gele fort. 
Qu'il fait froid ! 
Ilemuez le feu. 
Mettez du charbon. 
L'etang est gele. 
Voyez les gargons qui pa- 
tin ent sur la riviere.(l) 
Faisons un tour en traS- 

neau. 



L Qui patinent. For boys skating, men drinking, ladies 



214 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



There is a ten-horse sleigh 
cominoj down Broad- 



way 



The snow is ten inches 

deep. 
Now is the time for the 

young folks! 
Sleigh-rides and theatres 

are all the rage. 

I am going to take jMiss 
A. to the theatre this 
evening. 

Take care you do not 
take cold on coming 
out. 

The boats are stopped, 
and they are crossing 
the river on foot. 



Voila un traineau a dix 
chevaux, qui descend 
Broadway. (1) 

II y a dix pouces de neige. 

Voici un temps favorable 

pour lesjeunes gens, 
•Les courses en traineau 

et les theatres font fu- 

reur. 
Je vais conduire Mile. A. 

au theatre ce soir. (2) 

Prenez garde de vous en- 
rhumer en retournant* 

(3) 
Les bateaux sont arreteSj 
et on traverse la riviere 
a pied. (4) 



fewing, etc. we must say, gar(^ons qui patinent, hommes qui 
boivent, dames qui couseut, etc. for the present tense. 

1. A dix chevaux. d is often used before a word to show 
the purpose for which anything is used. Ex. Un pQi-d-JIeur 
une salle-d manger ; a flower pot, a dining-room, etc. 

2. Vais, the reflected verb s'en aller is always accompa* 
nied by the en. 

3. Prenez garde de vous enrhumer. The negative is not 
"led as in English, [not U) take cold.] 

4. On is used in the indefinite sense, to signify we, you 
ar they. 



CONTERSATIONAt. 



215 



Thej have risen the price 
of coal and wood. 

What will become of the 
poor, who have scarcely 
any clotliing? 

Those who are well oiF 
ought not to forget the 
poor. 

The sidewalks are cover- 
ed mth ice. 

It is too cold for sleigh- 
riding. 

Ok' THE HOUE. 

Wliat o'clock is it ? 

It is four o'clock. 

It is a quarter past nine. 

It is ten minutes past 
three. 



On a augmente le char- 

bon et le bois. 
Que deviendront les pauv- 

res, qui n'ont presque 

point de vctements ? 
Ceux qui sont bien ne 

doivent pas oublier les 

pauvres. (1) 
Les trottoirs sont converts 

de glace. (2) 
II fait trop froid pour al- 

ler en traineau. 
DE l'heuke. 
Quelle heure est-il ? 
II est quatre heures. 
II est neuf heures et 

quart (3) 
II est trois heures et dix 

minutes. (4) 



1. Bien is used to signify tcell off. 

2. Couverts, is a passive pnt-t particir^le, and therefore 
follows the rule of the adjective, in agreein^^ with the noun 
to v>^hich it relates, "trottoirs." 

3. Neuf. The / in neuf is sounded like v before a vowel 
or h mute, like / when alone ; when followed h}' a consonant 
or h aspirated, it is naite. Ex. Neuf heures sounded ?ieuv 
heures; neuf, alone sounded neuf; neuf gar^ons, sounded 
neu garqons. 

4. Dix. The x in r/iz is mute before a consonant, is 
sounded like s when alone ; before a Yovvel or h mute ie 
Bounded like z. 



216 



CONVEKSATIONAL. 



It is twenty-iive minutes 

past twelve. 
It is half past two. 

It is ten minutes to eleven. 

It is twelve minutes to six 

It is a quarter to five. 

It is twenty minutes to 

seven. 
Does your watch keep 

good time *? 
It loses two minutes a 

day. 
Mine loses three minutes 

in twenty-four hours. 

My watch is stopped. 



II est midi et ^ingt-cinq 

minutes. 
II est deux heures et 

demie. (1) 
II est onze heures, moins 

dix minutes. 
II est six heures, moins 

douze minutes (2) 
II est cinq heures, moins 

un quart. 
11 est sept heures, moins 

vingt minutes. 
Votre montre, ra-t-elle 

bien ? 
Elle retarde do deux min- 
utes par jour. 
La mienne retarde de dix 

minutes en vingt-quatre 

heures. 
Ma montre s'est arre- 

tee. (3) 



1. Demie. When deml comes after the noun to which it 
relates, it agrees with it, but rempjtns unchanged, when it pre- 
cedes it. Ex. une demi-heure, une heure et demie, 

2. Six. The same rules of pronounciation for six as for dix 

3. S'est arretSe. Active past participles must agree with 
their object, when it precedes them ; s' preceding arretee 
refers to montri which is feminine, thereibxe arretee must 
be feminine 



CONYERS^^rrONAL. 



217 



Wind it up. 

The spring is broken. 

Take it to tlie watchma- 
ker, and he will charge 
you two dollars to re- 
pair it. 

Their charges are very 
high. 

Mj watch glass cost me 
two shillings. 

I let my watch go down 
last night. 

And I forgot to wind up 
mine. 

Has the clock struck one ? 

It is striking two. 

The clock will soon strike. 

BREAKFAST. 

Waiter I coffee, eggs, and 
cakes for three. 



Eemontez-la. (1) 

Le ressort est casse. 

Portez-la chez I'horloger 
et il vous fera payer 
deux piastres pour ia 
raccommoder. 

Yi^font payer bien cher.(2) 

Mon verre de montre m'a 
coute deux schellings. 

J'ai laisse descendre ma 
montre hier soir. 

Et j'ai oublie de remonter 
la mienne. 

A-t-il Sonne une heure ? 

II Sonne deux heures. 

L'horloge sonnera bientot 

DEJEUXEE. 

Gargon ! du (3) cafe, des 
oeufs et des gateaux 
pour trois personnes. 



1. RemonteZ'la. Le and la are both prououns and ai*ticle8 ; 
both of which must invariably agree with the noun. La 
here refers to montre and must therefore be feminine. Ld is 
also an adverb, when it has the grave accent, and means thert, 

2. Cher is here an adverb, and whenever it can be trans- 
lated dearly. 

3. Du. The article must be repeated before each noun, on 
account of the difference of gender. 
19 



218 



co:nteesational. 



Buckwheat cakes. 

I am very fond of strong 
coffee. 

Do you prefer tea or cof- 
fee? 

Bring me toast and butter. 

Take away tliis stale 
bread, and bring some 
fresh. 

The eggs are not boiled 
enough. 

I should like a nice beef- 
steak, a kidney, or a 
slice of cold ham. 

Do you eat meat at break- 
fast? 

This steak is rather rare. 

It is overdone. 



Des gateaux de sarasin. 

J'aime beaucoup le cafe 
fort. (1) 

Preferez-vous le the ou le 
cafe ? 

Apportez-moi du pain 
roti et du beun'e. 

Emportez ce pain rassis 
et apportez-en (2) du 
frais. 

Ces oeufs ne sont pas as- 
sez cuits. (3) 

J'aimerais un bon bifstek, 
un rognon ou une tran- 
che de jamb on froid. 

Dejeunez-vous a la four- 
chette ? (4) 

Ce bifstek est un peu cru. 

C'est trop cuit. 



1. Le the. The definite article must be used when we 
speak of a noun in a general sense, or when anything is spoken 
of as a whole. 

2. En means some, any, of it, from it, off it, etc., and is in 
Buch cases a pronoun, and must not be confounded with ew, 
which is a preposition signifying in, etc. 

3. Cuits. Passive past participles follow the rules of ad- 
jectives. 

4. A la fourchette. A la is often used to signify, after the 
manner or fashion of: — d V Americaine, American fashion; 
d la Byron, Byron fashion, etc. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



219 



How is your appetite ? 
I have a first-rate appe- 
tite. 
Is jour tea strong enough? 

A little more sugar, if you 

please. 
How dark the coffee is ! 

Do you take milk ? 

My coffee is rather too 
sweet. 

I don't like weak tea. 

Is breakfast ready ? 

Breakfast will be ready 
in five minutes. 

Are you ready for break- 
fast t 

.When you have done 
breakfast, we will take 
a walk. 



Comment va I'appetit ? 
Mon appetit est excellent. 

Votre the (1) est-il assez 
fort ? 

Un peu plus de sucre,s'il 
vous platt 

Comme (2) le cafe est 
noir ! 

Prenez-YOUB du lait? 

Mon cafe est un peu trop 
Sucre. 

Je n'aime pas le the faible. 

Le dejeuner est-il pret ? 

Le dejeuner sera pret 
dans cinq minutes. 

Etes vous pret pour de- 
jeuner ? 

Quand vous aurez (3) 
fini de dejeuner, nous 
ferons (4) une prome- 
nade. 



1. In asking a question, the subject of which you speak 
must be placed before the verb, and not after, as in English. 
We cannot say, Est votre the, but votre the, est-il. Votre frhre 
est-il d la maison, Is your brother at home ? etc. 

2. Comme le cafe est noir I How the coffee is black or 
dark. Recollect the mode of construction. It cannot be 
otherwise in French. 

3. Aurez Jini. Qicand juust be followed by the future when 
the future is implied. 

You must say make a walk, (faire,) and not takfj as in 
English. 



820 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



I hav'nt the least appe- 
tite. 

I cannot eat so earlj in 
the morning. 

You ought to take a little 
walk before breakfast. 

What is there on the 
table ? 

There are eggs, beef- 
steaks, pork-chops, sau- 
sages, fried liver, veal- 
cutlets, and cold ham ; 
besides fish and buck- 
wheat-cakes. 



I have made a first rate 
breakfast, 

DINNER. 

What time do you dine 1 



Je n'ai pas le moindre ap • 

petit. 
Je nQ puis pas manger de 

si bonne heure le matin. 
Yous devez (1) faire une 

petite promenade 

avant dejeuner. 
Qu'ja-t-il (2) sur la table? 

II 7 a des ceufs, (3) du bif^ 
stek, des cotelettes 
de pore, des saucisses, 
du foie frit, des cote- 
lettes de veau et du 
jambon froid ; outre le 
poisson et les gateaux 
de san-asin. 

J'ai fait un excellent de- 
jeuner. 

DINER. 

A quelle heure dinez-vous 



1. Devez faire. Devoir is to owe, or means ought. Faire 
means both to do or make. 

2. Y a-t-il. The verb y avoir ^ there to be, is conjugated 
the same as avoir, but only used in the third person singular, 
which answers to both singular and plural in English. Ily a 
there is, or there are, &c. 

3. (Eufs. The fs is mute in the plural, and the/is sounded 
without the s in the singular. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



221 



I dine at two o'clock. 

Dinner is ready. 

How long is it to dinner? 

You know the rule. 
What rule 1 

To talk French at table. 
Shall I trouble you for a 

little soup ? 
Thank you ! 
Pass me the pepper if you 

please. 
Shall I help you to a lit- 
tle fish ? 
Allow me to pass your 

plate. 
Do you prefer it well 

done or rare ? 
Will you be kind enough 

to give me a little 

chicken ? , 



Je dine a deux heures, 
Le diner est pret. 
Combien (1) de temps 

avant diner? 
Vous savez (2) la regie. 
Quelle regie ? 
De parler frangais a table. 
Yous prierai-je de me don- 

ner un peu de soupe ? 
Merci ! 
Passez-moi (3) le poivre, 

s'il vous plait. 
Yous servlrai-je (4) un 

peu de poisson? 
PermetteZ'Tiioi de passer 

votre assiette. 
Le preferez-vous beau - 

coup cuit ou peu % 
Aurez-vous la bonte de 

me donner un peu de 

poulet? 



1. Combien means how mucli, how long, how many. 

2. The verb savoir is generally used to express the know- 
ledge concerning persons and things, and connaitre to know 
persons. Ex. Je connais cet homme, et je sais qu'il estfou 
I know that man, and 1 know that he is mad. 

3. Moi, is used after a verb or when alone, otherwise it is me, 

4. Vous servirai-je. The personal pronoun (the object of 
the verb) must precede it, except in the imperative affirmative. 



222 



CONYEKSATIONAIi. 



Are jou fond of vege- 
tables 1 

I am very fond of pota- 
toes and turnips. 

The French eat a deal of 
bread, the English a 
great many potatoes, 
and the Spaniards a 
great deal of rice at 
dinner. 

Which do you prefer, the 
French, the English, 
the Spanish, or the 
American mode of 
living? 

In France, the French ; 
in England, the Eng- 
lish ; in Spain, the 
Spanish; in America, 
the American. 



Aimez-vous les legumes ? 



J'aime beaucoup les pom- 
mes-de-terre et les na- 
vets, 

Les Francais (1) mangent 
beaucoup de pain, les 
Anglais beaucoup de 
pommes-de-terre et les 
Espagnols beaucoup de 
riz, a diner. 

Quelle (2) maniere de ^d- 
vre preferez-vous, celle 
des Frangais, celle des 
Anglais, celle des Es- 
pagnols ou celle des 
Americains. 

•En France,{l) je prefere 
la maniere fran9aise ; 
en Angieterre, I'an- 
glaise; en Espagne, I'es- 
pagnole ; en A.meri- 
que, Tamericaine. 



1. Frangais, Anglais, Americain, &^c. should not begin 
with a capital letter, unless they are nouns. 

2 Quelle. All pronouns, articles, adjectives and passive 
past participles must agree with the nouns to which they 
relate. 

3. En France. In speaking of a country we must gene- 



CONTERSATIONAL. 



223 



How do you like this fri- 
cassee 1 

Which part of a fowl do 
you like best ? 

Turkeys,geese, ducks and 
chickens, are very dear 
this year. 

Beef, mutton, pork and 
lamb are very cheap. 

Beets, carrots and pars- 
nips, how are they sel- 
ling a barrel I 

Waiter, brins; me a o-lass 
of iced water and a bot- 
tle of claret. 

The Germans drink hock, 



Comment trouvez-vous 

cette fricassee? 
Quelle partie de volaiile 

aimez-vous le mieux? 

(1) 

Les dindes, les oies, les* 
canards, et les poulets, 
sent tres-chers cette 
annee. 

Le boeuf,(2) le mouton, 
le pore, (3) et I'agneau 
sont a bon-marche. 

Combien les bettes-raves, 
les carottes, et les pa- 
nais se vendent ils le 
baril 1 

Gargon, apportez-moi un 
verre d'eau a la glace, 
et une bouteille de vin 
de Bordeaux. 

Les Allemands hoivent du 



Tally use the definite article before the name, la France, I'A- 
merique, &c. but it is never used after en. 

1. Le mieux. Mieux is here an adverb, and therefore doea 
not change, le meilleiir, la meilleure, les meilleurs, les meiU 
leures, are the adjectives. 

2. BoBuf. The /is here sounded, but in bcetifs, the fs is 
mute. 

3. Pore, you need not sound the c in pore. 



224 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



the French, claret; and 
the English, port and 
sherry. 

What do the Americans 
drink *? 

They drink everything 
that is good. 

Put some pepper, salt, 
mustard and vinegar, 
with a little oil, on the 
salad. 

Dinner is on the table. 

Where are the knives, 
spoons, forks, and glass- 
es? 

Take a little more. 

Thank you, no more. 

Take away the napkins 
and tablecloth. 

Take away those glasses. 



vin du Rhin, les Fran- 
Qais du Bordeaux, et 
les Anglais, du port et 
du sherry. 

Que boivent les Ameri- 
cains? (1) 

lis boivent tout ce qui (2) 
est bon. 

Mettez du poivre, du sel, 
de la moutarde et du 
vinaigre, avec un peu 
d'huile, sur la salade. 

Le diner est servi. 

Ou sont les couteaux, les 
cuillers, les fourchettes 
et les verresi 

Prenez en encore un peu. 

Merci, pas d'avantage.(3) 

Otez les serviettes et la 
nappe. 

Emportez les verres. (4) 



,1. Americains. Th« nominative or subject may come ei- 
ther before or after the verb, as we might say in English. 
What do they drink ? the Americans ? 

2 Ce qui. When that implies that which, ce qui must be 
used. 

3. D'avantage, means an additional quantity and not a 
greater quantity. Plus is a greater quantity. 

4. Emporter, porter, apporter, rapporter, to take awaj, to 
carry, bring, bring back. 



COirVTERSATIONAL. 



225 



What do you saj to a 
glass of good wine ? 

I will take a glass of cla- 
ret. 

To jour good health. 

What fine wine ! 

Shall I have the pleasure 
of drinking your 
health? 

This wine is heady. 

Take one more glass. 

I never drink over two 
glasses. 

I don't care much ahout 
puddings and pies. 

T should like a good des- 
sert. 

Here are apples, oran- 
ges, peaches, plums, 
almonds, raisins, nutsj 
figs and walnuts. 



Que diteS'YOu& d'un verre 

de bon vin ? 
Je pi^endrais un verre de 

Bordeaux. 
A votre sante. 
Quel vin delicieux ! 
Aurai-je le plaisir de hoire 

a votre sante. 

Ce vin monte a. la tete. 
Prenez(V)QnQOTQ, un verre. 
Je ne hois jamais plus de 

deux verres. 
Je n'aime pas trop les 

poudings et les pates. 
J'aimerais unbon dessert. 

Voici(2) des pommes, des 
oranges, des peehes, 
des prunes, des aman- 
des, des raisins, des 
noisettes, des figues et 
des noix. 



1. Prenez, all imperatives in the second person plural end 
in eZj with the exception offaites and dites. 

2. Void, here is, or here are, when the object is present 
to the eyes. But in speaking of things not present, il y a, 
there is or there are, is used. Void and voild mean literally, 
look here, look there. * 



226 



CONVEESATIONAL. 



I have eaten rather too 

much. 
Never mind, you wont 

want any supper. 

I never take supper. 

OF THE HEALTH, ETC. 

How do you do sir ? 

Pretty well, thank you. 
How is your brother ? 

Are the family well ? 
Is your sister recovered ? 

How long have you been 

sick ? 
You are looking very 

well. 



J'ai mange (1) un pen 

trop. 
N'importe,(2) vous n'au^ 

rez pas besoin de sou- 

per. 
Je ne soupe jamais. 

DE LA SANTE, ETC 

Comment vous portez- 
vous Monsieur t 

Assez bien, merci. 

Comment se porte Mon- 
sieur voire Irere 1 

La famille se porte-t-elle 
bien? 

Votre soeur s'est elle re- 
tablie I 

Depuis quand (3) etes- 
vous malade? 

Vous avez Fair (4) bien 
port ant. 



1. MangS. Observe, when a verb follows an auxiliary, it 
must be in the past participle form. 

2. NHmporte is here impersonal. Importer^ means to 
import. 

3. Depuis quand. In speaking of time not past, how long, 
but in speaking of the future, combien de terns. 

4. Vous avez Vair, you look, when it means you have the 
appearance, but when you look at anything, regarder is to look 



CONVtoSATiONAL. 



227 



You are getting fat. 

I do not feel well. 

You look pale. 

Does your father still 
keep his bed ? 

I am happj to hear your 
father has recovered. 

My aunt is down with 
the fever. 

You have got quite thin. 

This climate seems to 
agree with you. 

My health was never bet- 
ter than since my ar- 
rival in the United 
States. 

How does this climate 
agree with you ? 

How were you, during 
your stay in Havana ? 

When yoii get well you 



Vous engraissez. (1) 

Je ne me sens pas bien, 

Vous avez Fair pale. 

Votre pere, garde-t-il en- 
core le lit ? 

Je suis bien content que 
votre pere se soitretabli. 

Ma tante est au lit avec 
la fievre. 

Vous avez bien maigri. 

II parait que ce climat 
vous convienU 

Ma sante n'a jamais ete 
meilleure que depuis 
mon (2) arrive e aux 
Etats-Unis. 

Comment trouvez-vous 
le climat t 

Comment vous etes-vous 
ports pendant votre 
Si-jour a la Ha vane ? 
Quand (3)vous serez reta- 



il Engraisser, to get fat, maigrir, to get tliin. 

2. 3Ion is used for the sake of the s imd, though arrivee 
be feminine. Mon, ton, son, remain so before vowels, wheth- 
er the noun be masculine or feminine singular. 

3. Q,iiand governs the future, where the future is un- 
derstood. 



228 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



must go in the countrj 

The citj is very unheal- 
thy in the summer 
months. 

Health before everything, 
better pay the butcher 
than the doctor. 

OF THE WEATHER. 

What kind of weather 
- is it? 
It snows. 
It rains. 
It is foggy. 
It freezes. 

The river is frozen over. 
We want rain very badly. 

Are we going to have 

rain ? 
Did it rain yesterday ? 
Do you think it will rain 

to-morrow ? 



bli, il faui aller a la 

campagne. 
La ville est ties (1) -mal 

saine pendant ies mois 

d'ete. 
La sante avant tout ; il 

vcvut mieux payer \^ 

boucher que ie medecin^ 

DU TE5IFS. 

Quel terns fait-\l ? 

II neige. 

II pleut 

II fait du brouillard. 

II gele. 

La riviere est gelee. 

Nous avous bien besoin 

de pluie. 
Est-ce qu'il vaj)leuvoirf[2) 

Est-ce qu'il a plu hier ? 
Croyez-Yow^ qu'il ^j/e^wt-e 
demain "? (3) 



1. Tres is always followed by the hyphen. 

2. Est-ce que, is it that, is a very common way of asking a 
question in French. Est-ce que vous mangez, est ce que vous 
huvez, $^c. No absolute necessity for it. 

3. Pleuve is here in the subjunctive, because a verb imply- 
ing doubt governs the subjunctive 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



229 



It was snowing yesterday ] H neigeait hier au soir. 

evening. 
Lend me jour umbrella. 



..} 



I have no overcoat. 
I am wet to the skin. 

It is very warm. 

It is very cold. 

It is very damp. 

It is very dry. 

It is cloudy. 

The sky is overcast. 

It is very slippery. 

It is very pleasant wea- 
ther. 

What delightful weather ! 

What a shower ! 

What horrid weather ! 

What a beautiful night ! 

There is not a cloud to 
be seen. 

It is moonlight. 

What gloomy weather ! 



Pretez-moi votre para- 

pluie. 
Jen'ai pas de(l)palletot. 
Jesuis riiouille jusqu'aux 

OS. 

II faifhien chaud. 
II fait bien froid. 
II fait bien humide. 
II fait bien sec. 

Le ciel est convert. 

II fait bien glissant. 

II fait un temps bieu 

agreable. 
Quel temps delicieux ! 
Quelle averse ! 
Quel temps afFreux ! 
Quelle belle nuit ! 
On ne voit pas un seul 

nuage. 
II fait clair-de-lune. 
Quel temps triste ! 



1. De. After a negative or adverb of quantity, the prepo- 
dtion de is generally used without the article. 

20 



230 



COJCVERSATIOKAL. 



It is very dark. 
What a fine sun-set 1 

What a storm I 
Are jour feet wet *? 

Take off your overshoes, 
and dry your feet. 

It is thawing. 

The ice is melting. 

The weather is getting 
clear. 



GETTING UP. 

Get up ! 

It is very late. 

It is too early. 

Why dont you get up 
earlier ? 

I am so sleepy. 
I am so lazy. 



II fait bien obscur. 
Quel beau coucher de 

soleil ! 
Quelle tempete ! 
Est-ce que vous avez leg 

pieds mouilles ? 
Tirez vos socques, et se- 

chez-vous les pieds, 
lid gele. 
La glace se fond. 
Le temps se remet au 

beau. 

1^ SE LEVAin^. 

Levez-vous ! 

H est bien tard. 

H est trop de (1) bonne 

heure. 
Pourquoi ne vous levez^2) 

vous pas de meilleure 

heure 1 
J'ai tant sommeil. 
Je suis si paresseux. 



1. Da. When the adjective precedes the noun, the pre- 
] osition de is generally placed before it. 

2. Levez. Reflected verbs have the same pronouns for sub- 
ject and object, and both precede the verb, except when in 
the imperative affirmative. 



I 



CONVSRSATIONAL. 



231 



I went to bed late. * 
I rise late on Sundays. 

I always get up at six in 
summer, and seven in 
winter, 

I do'nt like to get up till 
the fire is lit. 

Did'nt you hear the clock 

strike ? 
I called you three times. 

Tou always get up late, 

I like to take my break- 
fast in bed. 
I- I feel so comfortable in 
bed, mornings. 



Je me suis couche tard.( 1 ) 

Je me leve tard le Dim- 
anche. 

Je me leve toujours a six 
heures en (2) ete, et a 
sept heures en hiver. 

Je n'aime pas (3) a me le- 
ver avant que le feu ne 
soit allume. 

N'avez-vouB pas entendu 
sonner la cloche ? (4) 

Je vous ai appele (5) trola 
fois. 

Vous vous levez toujours 
tard. 

J'aime a dejeuner au lit. 

Je me sens si bien au lit 
le matin. 



1. Suis couchS. Reflected verbs always conjugated with 
£tre in the compound tenses. 

2. En is used to mean in, when it does not mean really in- 
side of anything. 

3. JSTaime pas. Observe in French two negatives are ne- 
cessary to make one, ne always going before, and pas [or any 
other negative] after the verb, or between the auxiliary and 
the verb in compound tenses. 

4. Somier. When two verbs come together the second 
must be in the infinitive. 

5. Appel6. The past participle is invariably the form of a 
verb following an auxiliary. 



232 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



Come ! dress yourself. 
I am already dressed. 
I am putting on my pants. 
I can't get on my boots, 

I have not washed myself 

yet. 
Have you washed your 

hands ? 
I am combing my hair. 
Comb your hair, and put 

on a clean shirt. 

Come down staii^s. 

ON GOING TO BED. 

I am very tired. 

It is nearly 11 o'clock. 

I have just taken off my 

boots. 
Bring my slippers. 



Allons! habillez-vous. 
Je suis deja habille. 
Je mets mes pantalons. 
Je ne puis pas mettre mes 

bottes. 
Je ne me suis pas encore 

lave. 
Yous etes-vous lave les 

mains? (1) 
Je me peigne les chevei:^^ 
Peignez-vous les cheveux 

et mettez une (2)chemise 

propre. 
Descendez. 

EN (3) SE COUCHANT. 

Je suis bien fatigue. 

II est presque onze heures, 

Je viens d'oter (4) mes 

bottes. 
Apportez mes pantoufles. 



1. Les mains. In speaking of the person, the personal 
pronoun is generally used with the verb, Instead of the noun. 
They say in French, I cut myself the finger, I combed myself 
the hair, &c. instead of I cut my finger, I combed my hair. 

2. Une. Article, pronoun and adjective must agree in 
gender and number with the nouns to which they relate. 

3. En is the only preposition that can be followed by the 
present participle. 

4. D^oter. Prepositions except en govern the infinitiva 
mood. 



C OlSrVEES ATIONAL. 



233 



Waiter ! call me at half 
past five. 

Are jou undressed? 

What time do you gene- 
rally go to bed 1 

I generally go to bed 
early. 

That is a very nice room. 

I always lock my door. 

Are you going to get in- 
to bed ? 

I have been in bed this 
half hour. 

Have you clothes enough ? 



Gargon ! appelez-moi h 

cinq heures et demie. 1 
Etes-vous (2) deshabille? 
A quelle heure vous cou- 

chez--^5us ordinaire- 

ment? . 
Je me couche generale- 

ment ^3) de bonne 

heure. 
C'est une tres-bonne 

chambre. 
Je ferme ma porte tou- 

jours a clef. 
^Z/<?^-vous vous mettre au 

lit? 
II y a deja une demi- 

heure, que se suis au 

lit. 
Avez-vous assez (4) de 

couvertures ? 



1. Demie. When demi comes after the noun to which it 
relates, it agrees with it, but is unchanged when before it. 
Ex. une demi-heure. 

2. When the nominative pronoun follows the verb, the 
hyphen must be placed between them. 

3. GenSralement. The adverb is generally after the verb 

4. Adverbs of quantity are followed by the preposition dt^ 
before a noun. 

20* 



234 



C ONVEE S ATIONAL. 



I should Kke another 

blanket. 
I want another pillow. 

These sheets are rather 

clamp. ,. 

What an ugly nightcap ! 

Are you sleepy? 
I am very sleepy, 
I must get up early. 

That is a good feather bed 

In summer, I like -a hair 
mattrass. 

My room is on t e third 
story. 

My room fronts on the 
street. 

Mine looks into the gar- 
den. 



J'aimerais une autre ecu- 
verture en (1) laine. 

II me faut un autre ore- 
iiler. 

Ces draps sont un peu 
humides. 

Quel vilain (2) bonnet de 
nuit ! 

Avez-vouvS sommeil % 

J'ai Men sommeil. 

II faut que (3) je me leve 
de bonne heure. 

C'est unbon litde plumes. 

En ete, j'aime un mate- 
las en crin. 

Ma chambre est au troi- 
sieme. 

Ma chambre donne sur 
la rue. 

La mienne donne sur le 
jar din. 



1. En Laine. En is generally used before the noun to show 
what a thing is composed of. Ex. unc montre en or una mai' 
son en hols. A gold wpttch, a wooden-house. 

2. Quel vilain bonnet ! In an exclamation the article is not 
used. Ex. Quel gargon ! Quelle Jhume ! What a boy ! What 
a woman ! 

3. Qui. Subjunctive mood always preceded by the con^ 
junction que, dependant 0.1 another verb. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



Do you get up at day- 
light ? 
Where is the iQoking- 



Why do you go to bed so 

early ? 
A glass of punch is not 

amiss, before going to 

bed, in winter, 

ABOUT THE FRENCH LAN- 
GUAGE. 

The bell has rung. 

Have you learnt your 
lesson ? 

How long have you stu- 
died French ? 

About two months. 

How do you like it ? 
I like it very much. 
Can jou speak it ? 



235 

la 



Yous levez-vous a 

pointe du jour ? 
Ou (1) est le miroir? 



Pourquoi vous couchez 
vous de si bonne heure? 

Un verre de ponche ne va 
pas mal, en hiver, 
avant de se coucher. 

DE LA LANGUE FRANCAISE. 

La cloche a sonne. 

Avez vous appris (2) vo- 
tre le^on ? 

Depuis quand (3) etudiez- 
vous le fran9ais *? 

Depuis deux mois, envi- 
ron. 

Comment i'aimez vous? 

Je I'aime beaucoup. 

Pouvez-Yous> le parlerl 



1. Oil, where, is distinguished from ou, or, by the grave 
accent on the u. 

2. Appris is here unchanged, because its subject (though 
feminine) is after it in the sentence. 

3. Depuis quand n ver means how long, in referring to a 
future or past time, as it means since when ; but of a time 
whose duration is still continuing. 



236 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



Yes, a little. 

What do you call that in 

French ? 
That is a book. 
Can you tell me the 

French of ? 

Certainly ! 

Do you know the French 

of everything you eat 

and drink ? 

Do you speak French at 

table ? 
Yes, always. 
Have you a good teacher? 

Yes ! indeed ! 

Where does he live ? 

1 carry him in my pocket. 

A book, is it ? 

Yes ! the French Speaker. 

Has that taught you to 
speak ? 



Oui, un peu. 

Comment s'appelle cela 
en fran9ais ? 

C'est un livre. 

Pouvez-Yon^ me dire le 
frangais de . . . . ? 

Certainement ! 

ConnaisseZ'Yons les noms 
en frangais de tout ce 
que vous mangez et 
buvez ? 

Parlez-vous frangais a 
table ? 

Oui, toujours. 

Avez-vous un bon pro- 
fesseurl 

Ma foi ! oui. 

Ou demeure-(l)t-il? 

Je le porte a la poche, 

Un livre, n'est-ce pas? 

Oui, le " French Speak- 
er." 

Est-ce que cela vous a 
appris (2)aparler? 



1. Detneure. The verbs demeurer and rester are used to 
eignify to live, (to reside,) Vivre, to live, is used only to sig- 
nify existence. 

2. Appris. The verb apprendre is always followed by tho 
preposition d before another verb. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



237 



It has taught me the Kttle 

1 know. 
How long have you had 

it? 
Where did you buy it 1 
What did you pay for it 1 

Where can I get one ? 

Let me look at it. 

It seems very easy. 

It is very simple. 

Simple enough, if you be- 
gin right. 

What do you mean ? 

1 mean it is very easy to 
learn a little at a time. 

The book is small, and 
the lessons easy to 
learn, but very hard to 
forget. 

Can you write it as well 
as you can speak it I 

Oh yes, much better. 



Cela m'a enseigne le peu 

que je connais, 
Depuis quandl'avez-vous? 

Ou Favez vous achet^ ? 
Combien I'avez-vous 

paye? (1) 
Ou puis-}Q m'en procurer? 
Laissez-moi le voir. 
II j^cirdit bien facile. 
C'est tres-simple. 
Assez simple si on com- 
mence bien. 
Que voulez-Yons dire ? 
Je veux dire qu'il est bien 

facile d'apprendre un 

peu a la fois. 
Le iivr^ est petit, et les 

lemons sont fa9iles a ap- 

prendre^ mais tres diffi« 

ciles a oublier. 
Fouvez-vous recrire aussi 

bien que vous le par- 

lez? 
Ma foi ; oui, beaucoup 

mieux. 



1 . Paye. You must not say payer pour unc chx)S€y but Biui" 
"j^ly payer unt chose. 



288 



CONYERSATIOKAL, 



Why? 

Because I have more time 

to think. 
When did you begin to 

speak"? 
I began to speak when I 

began to run. 

But, I mean to speak 

French. 
The same day I bought 

the " French Speaker.'' 

Indeed ! 

What did you say in 
French ? 

Bread, meat, wine, pota- 
toes, fruit, house, dog, 
cat, &C. 

Have you read the works 
of Moliere, Boileau, 
Eousseau, Racine, &c.? 

Not yet. 

What have you read 
then? 



Pourquoi? 

Parceque j'ai plus le 
temps de penser. 

Quand avez-vous corn- 
men ce(l) a parler ? 

J'ai commence a parler 
quand j'ai commence a 
courir. 

Mais je veux dii^e a parler 
frangais. 

Le meme jour que j*ai 
achete le " French 
Speaker." 

Yraiment ! 

Qu'avez-vous dit en fran- 
9ais? 

Pain, viande, vin, pom- 
mes-de-terrre, fruit, 
maison, chien, chat,&c« 

Avez-vous lu les ouvrages 
de Moliere, de Boileau, 
de Rousseau, de Ra- 
cine, &c. 

Pas encore. 

Qu'avez-vous lu done ? 



1 . Commencer is always followed by the preposition d be» 
fore a verb. 



CON\^EKSATIONAL. 



239 



What did you read, when 

jou began to speak 

English ? 
I began to read about 

everything I could see 

j^ound me. 

Did you forget it ? 

I couldn't. 

Why not? 

Because when I saw 
bread, meat, potatoes, 
&c. I recognized them 
by name like I do 
you. 

Ah I I see. 

That's very true. 

Did they understand you, 
when you began to 
speak ? 

They understood me well 
enough. 

Were'nt you shy ? 

Shy ! what about ? 

To speak without know- 
ing how to pronounce 
well. 



Que lisiez-vouH, quand 
vous avez commence a 
parler Anglais ? 

Tout ce que je voyais au- 
tour de moi, me four- 
nissait le sujet de mea 
lectures. 

L'avez vous oublie I 

Je ne pouvais pas. 

Fourquoi pas ? 

Parceque quand je voyais 
du pain, de la viandc, 
des pommes-de-terre, 
&c. je les connaissais 
d(5ja de nom, commeje 
vous connais. 

Ah ! je vols, 

C'est bien vrai. 

Est-ce qu'on vous com-* 
prenait, quand vous 
commenciez a parler? 

On m'a assez bien comprl<. 

N'etiez vous pas honteuxl 
Honteux ! de quoi 1 
De parler sans savoir bien 
pr on oncer. 



240 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



I was at first. 

But when I found they 
understood me, I spoke 
every time I had an 
opportunity. 

But I have no time to 
study. 

Nor I either. 

That is why I carry the 
book in my pocket. 

It often happens that we 
are glad with a pocket- 
companion. 

When one is waiting for 

boats, cars, etc. 
We are always waiting 

for something. 
What are you waiting 

for now ? 



Je retais(l) au commen- 
cement. 

Mais quand j'ai trouVe 
qu'on me comprenait, 
je pai'lais toutes les fois 
que j'en avais occasion. 

Mais je n'ai pas le temps 
d'etudier. 

M moi non plus. 

C'est pourquoi, je porte 
le livre a la poche. 

11 arrive sou vent, que 
nous sommes bien con- 
tents (2) d' avoir un 
compagnon en poche. 

Quand on attend les ba- 
teaux, les voitures, etc. 

On attend toujours quel- 
que chose. 

Qu 'attendez-vous a pre- 
sent t 



1. Je Velais. Almost invariably what is understood in 
English must be expressed in French. Here V means if, 
meaning shy. In such English sentences as I do, I did, I 
have, I will, I should, &c. the antecedent must be repeated. 
Ex. LevoyeZ'Vous? Do you see him. Oui, je le voisy yes I 
do, &c. A simple, ouij yes, of course would require noth 
ing more. 

2. Content is used to signify pleased or satisfied as well as 
contented. 



CON\Ti:RSATIONAL, 



241 



1 am waiting for the boat. | J'at tends (1) le bateau. 



I dont tliink I have ever 
looked at the " French 
Speaker " more than 
ten minutes at a time. 

For to tell you the truth, 
I have no time to study, 
but I always learn a 
little Vv'-hen I've nothing 
else to do. 



Je ne crois pas avoir re- 
garde le " French 
Speaker '' plus de dix 
minutes a la fois. 
Pour vous dire la verite, 
je n'ai pa.s le temps 
d'etudier, mais fo-p- 
2)rends toujours un peu, 
quand je n'ai pas d' au- 
tre chose a faire. 
It is a great advantage to C'est un grand avantage 



que d' apprendre une 
langue sans perdre de 
temps. 

J'etais Men su?pris, quand 
je vous ai vu causer 
avec un Frangais. 
I could see he understood Je voyais qu'il vous com* 

pre nait, 

Yous trouverez beau coup 



learn a language with- 
out losing any time. 

was quite surprised 
when 1 saw you chat- 
tincr with a Frenchman. 



you. 
You \\dll find it much 
easier to make yourself 
understood, than to un- 
derstand others. 



plus facile de vous 
faire comprendre, (2) 
que de comprendre les 
autree. 



1. T attends. The verb attendre means to wait for, to 
expect. 

2. Comprendre is here in the infinitive, governed by faire, 
because one verb governs another always in the infinitive. 

21 



242 



COlJrV^ERSATIONAX. 



How is thatt 

It is difficult to catch 
sounds you're unaccus- 
tomed to ; to find out, 
(in conversation,) the 
first and last syllable 
of words, rapidly pro- 
nounced, so SLS to un- 
derstand their meaning. 

It must be very hard in- 
deed. 

I should never understand 
a Frenchman, they talk 
so fast. 

To understand well, you 
will often have to make 
use of the following 
sentences. 

What do you say 1 

I dont understand you. 

Be kind enough to speak 
slower. 

Speak slower^ if you 
please. 

Repeat that word. 

What do you mean? 



Comment celat 

II est difficile de saisir 
des sons, auxquels on 
n'est pas habitue ; de 
deviner (en conversa- 
tion,) la premiere et la 
derniere syllabe des 
mots, rapidement pro* 
nonce s,et de comprendre 
leur signification. 

H faut que cela soit ex- 
cessivement difficile. 

Je ne comprendrais ja- 
mais les Fran^ais, ils 
parlent si vlte. 

Pour bien comprendre, il 
faudra souvent vous 
servir (1) des phrases 
suivantes. 

Que dites vous ? 

Je ne vous comprends pas, 

Ayez la bonte de parler 
plus lentement. 

Parlez plus lentement, s'il 
vous plait, 

Repetez ce mot. 

Que voulez-\o\x^ dire f 



1. Se servir de, to use. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



243 



Wliat does tliat mean ? 
How do you pronounce 

this? 
What do you call that ? 

How do you spell , • . ? 
What is that ? 



How do you say ... 1 
Do I pronounce right ? 

Do you understand me 
well? 

In fine, you must bo al- 
ways asking; for the 
French are very oblig- 
ing, and those who 
learn French are gen- 
erally so too. 

Well, good morning, Pll 
go and buy a " French 
Speaker " dh^ectly, and 
take your advice. 



Que veut dire cela ? 
Comment prononcez-vous 

ceci? 
Comment appelez-vous 

cela? 
Comment epelez-vous • ? 
Qu'est-ce que cela ? 
Qu'est-ce que (1) c'est 

que cela ? 
Comment dites-xou^ . . ? 
Est'Ce que je prononce 

bien? 
Me comprenez-vous bien? 

Enfin, il faut demander 
foujours; car les Fran- 
5ais sont bien complai- 
sants, et ceux qui ap« 
prennent le FranQais 
le (2) sont generale- 
ment aussi. 

Bon jour, firai acheter 
un " French Speaker " 
et je suivrai vos conseils 



1. ^u'esUce que c^est que cela ? What is that ? This is a pe- 
culiar mode of expression, literally naeauing, what is it that 
it is, that that. It is very eommou, and appears to me rather 
aa inquisitive naethod of asking a question. 

2, Le sont. Le hexQ meixm complaisanis. 



244 



CONTEESATIONAL. 



AN HUNDEED QUESTIOKS. 

Do jou speak French f 
What o'clock is it 1 
Where are you going ? 
How is jour father 1 

Wliere do jou live ? 
What do JOU saj ? 
How long are jou going 

to stajl 
When do jou leave 1 
When shall I see jou 

again ? 
Did JOU leave the familj 

all well? 
Plow late is it ? 
Hav'nt JOU dined jet ? 

Did'nt JOU go to bed late 

last night 1 
Did'nt he tell jou to paj 

me the balance ? 
How is jour health ? 
When does he think of 

coming home? 
Did the climate agree 

with JOU ? 



CEIsTT QUESTIONS, 

Parlez-vous fran^ais ? 
Quelle heure est-il ? 
Oil alkz-Yous'i 
Comment se porte votre 

pere ? 
Ou demeurez-vous? 
Qu'est-ce que vous dites^i 
Combien de temps pen- 

sez-vous rester ? 
Quand partez-vous ? 
Quand vous ra'erraf-jel 

Avez-vous laisse la fa- 

mille en bonne sante ? 
Quelle heure est-il ? 
N' avez-vous pas encore 

dine? 
Ne vous etes-vous pas 

couche tard hier? 
Ne vous a-t-il pas dit de 

me pajer la balance ? 
Comment va(l) la sante ? 
Quand pense-t-il retour- 

ner? 
Est-ce que le climat vous 

convenait ? 



1. Va. Comment cela va-t-il ? a familiar how d'ye do 



CO^NTVERSATIONAL. 



245 



Are you apt to take cold! 

What time does the boat 
leave 1 

Are YOU going to the city 
to-day? 

Do you live in the coun- 
try ? 

Are you fond of oysters ? 

How long have you stu- 
died French ? 

Does he speak French 
fluently ] 

Does he pronounce well 1 

Do you understand when 
I speak to you in 
French] 

Will you take some re- 
freshment ? 

Did you call on her yes- 
terday ? 

Shall you see him this 
morning 1 

Do you get up early or 
late? 



Etes-vous sujet a vous 

enrhumer ? 
A quelle heure le bateau 

Allez-vous en ville au- 

jourd'hui /? 
Demeurez-vous a la cam- 

pagne ? 
Aimez-vous les huitres? 
Depuis quand etudiez- 

vous le francais ] 
Parle-t-il le francais cou- 

ramment 1 
Prononce-t-il bien ? 
Comprenez-Yous, quand je 

vous parle en frangais? 

VouleZ'Yous prendre quel- 
que rafraichissement 1 

Avez-vous passe(l) chez 
elle hier ? 

Le verrez-Yons ce matin ? 

Vous levez-vous de bonne 
heure, ou tard ] 



1. Passe. Passer chez une personnel To call on a person. 
To call, with the voice, appeler. 

21* 



246 



CONVEKSATIONAL. 



Did you send for the 

Doctor ? 
Will jou get me some- 

tliing to eat ? 

What shall I say to hkn 
when he comes ? 

Is he getting better ? 

Won't you get into trou- 
ble ? 

Is'nt he getting old ? 

Shall we get through be- 
fore dark ? 

Did'nt he get out of his 
difficulties ? 

Who commanded at the 
siege of Sebastopol ? 

Have you travelled much 
abroad 1 

Are you subject to sea- 
sickness ? 

Shall I have the pleasure 
of .... ? 

Will you allow me to ...'? 



Avez-vous eiivoye cher- 

cher(l) le medecin 1 
Voulez-You^ m'aller cher- 

cher quelque chose a 

manger? 
Que lui dirai-je quand il 

viendra ? 
Se porte-t-il mieux "? 
Ne vous attirereZ'Vous pas 

de mauvaises affixires % 
Ne vieillit(2)-il pas ? 
Finirons-nous(3) avant la 

nuit *? 
Ne s'est-il pas tire de ses 

difficulte's ? 
Qui commandait au siege 

de Sebastopol ? 
Avez-vous beaucoup voy- 
age a I'etr anger '^ 
Etes-vous sujet au mai- 

de-mer ? 
Aurai-je le plaisir de ....'? 

^Iq permettreZ'YOU^ de ...'? 



1. Envoyer cJieixher, to send for. Chercher quclqne chose. 
to seek, to search, to look for something. For to look for, or 
expect anything, the verb attendre must be nsed. 

2. Vieillir, to grow old. Rajeunir, to grow young. 

3. Be caiiti(»"iis of idiomatic exprersions in Englisn, ex- 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



247 



Can you oblige me by ...? 

How long have you been 
in this country ? 

Has the clock struck ? 

Have you wound up your 
watch ? 

How much would you 
give for a chance ? 

Did you order dinner at 
4 o'clock ] 

Is breakfast ready ? 

Do you read the '' Her- 
ald," the " Times," or 
the " Tribune." 

How long have you been 
in business ? 

Are you likely to suc- 
ceed? 

When will my note be 
due? 

Is'nt it due yet ? 

Does he grumble ? 



Fourrez-Yous m'obliger 
par . . , '? 

Depuis quand etes-vous 

dans ce pays-ci '? 
L'horloge a-t-elle Sonne? 
Avez-vous remonte votre 

montre ? 
Combien donneriez-vous 

d'une chance ? 
Avez-vous commande le 

diner a quatre heures ? 
Le dejeuner est-il pret ? 
Lisez-vous le '• Herald," 

le " Times," ou la 

" Tribune ?" 
Depuis quand etes-vous 

dans les affaires? 
CjvT/eZ'YOus reussir ? (1) 

Quand mon billet, echoiU 
il? 

N'est-il pas encore eclm f 
Se ^9/az7i(i-il ? 



press yourself in a more simple way at first, to avoid blun- 
ders. Getting through, to finish, &c. Get has a variety of 
significations in English, with dilFerent interpretations in 
Frencli. 

1. Reussir, must not be used to express succession, but 
success. Succeder is the verb to succeed another. 



248 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



Did he gamble 1 
Is he a good shot ? 
What will you take a doz- 
en for those eggs ? 

How old are you ? 
How far is it from here 

to ... ? 
What are you about ? 
Why did'nt you pay him? 

Have you had your shoes 

mended 1 
Have you washed your 

face? 
Did you comb your hair ? 

Did he shave ? 
Does it rain ? 
Wliat's to be done ? 
Shall you be at home 1^ 
Are you comfortable ? 



Est-ce qu'il jouait ? 
Est-t-ii bon tireur ? 
Combien me prertdreZ' 

vous pour une douzaine 

de ces oeufs ? 
Quel age avez-vous? 
Quelle distance y-a-t-il 

d'ici a . . . ? 
Que /azte-vous ? 
Pourquoi ne i'avez-vous 

pas paye ? 
Avez-vous fait (1) rac- 

commoder vos souHers? 
VoQS etes-vous lave la 

figure ? 
Yous etes-vous peigne les 

cheveux ? 
S'est il rase 1 
Pleut-il ? 
Que fairs 1 

Serez-vous a la maison ? 
Etes-vous bien ? 



1. Fait raccommoder. Faire is used for have, when we 
speak of having anything done. Faire faire une ehose, to 
have a thing male. 

* Chez vous, chez moi, chez lai, chez nous, chez elle, chez 
dies, chez eux. At your house, at my house, at his house, ac 
our house, at her house, at their bouse, (fern.) at their house» 
(uiasc.) or home, or d la maison. 



CONVEIISATI ONAX. 



249 



Sliall we go to Barnum's 

Museum ? 
Has the girl lit the fire 1 

Ar'nt you going to write 
home '? 

Was'nt he at home ? 

Will you come out and 
take a walk ? 

Did'nt you make a mis- 
take ] . 

What will you do when 
you get there ? 

How do you like that ? 

Did you get wrecked ! 

Who beat ? 

What will you bet 1 

How long were you go- 
ing to Baltimore ? 

What's the charge ? 
How long have you worn 
that coat? 



Irons-TLOw^ au Musee de 

Barnum ? 
La servante a-t-elle al- 

lume le feu? 
Wallez vous pas ecrire 

chez vous ? 
N'etait-il pas a la maison? 
Voiilez-YOViS sortir faire 

une promenade ? 
N'avez-vous pas fait tine 

me'prise ? 
Que ferez-Yon^j quand 

vous y ( I ) 'arriverez ? 
Comment cela vous j^/^iY- 

il? 
Avez-vous fait naufrage ? 
Qui a gagne ? 
Combien vouUz-yous, pa- 

rier ? 
Combien de temps avez- 
vous mis (2) pour aller 

a Baltimore ? 
Combien fait-on payer 1 
Depuis quand portez- (3) 

vous cet habit 1 



1. Y means there, when the place is not pointed out. When 
it is pointed out, use Id. 

2. Mis. Mettre to put, instead of prendre to take, in speak 
ing of time taken to do anything. 

3. Porter, to wear, to carry, to bear 



250 



C0KVERSATI0NA3U 



Is that book yours ? 
Are those sheep mine or 

yours? 
Will you sell that horse ? 

Would you have given 
as much as that for it ? 
Did I buy it too dear ? 

Is the fire lit ? 

How often do you see 

him? 
How tall are you ? 
Do you often ride on 

horseback 1 
Do you drink when you 

eat? 
When do we set sail ? 

Are you a man of your 

word ? 
Can you translate a 

French book 1 
Why are you afraid to 

speak ? 



Ce livre est-il a vous ? 
Ces brebis sont-elles leg 

votres on les miennes ? 
Voukz-YOUB vendre ce 

cheval ? 
L'auriez-vous paye tant 

que cela ? 
Est-ce que je Tai achete 

trop cher? 
A-t-on allume le feu ? 
Le voT/ez-'YQUB souvent ? 

Quelle est votre taille ? 
Montez-vous souvent h 

chevaU (1) 
^t^i'^^-vous, enmangeant? 

Quand mettons (2) nous a 

la voile ? 
Etes-vous homme de pa« 

role? 
Fonvez-vous iraduire un 

livre fran9ais ? 
Fourquoi avez-vous peur 

de parler? 



1. Aller d. chevali d pied^ en voiture, To go on horseback, 
on foot, in a carriage, 

2. Mcttre d la voile To set sail 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



251 



' mis- 



Do jou make many 

takes ? 
How many miles are we 

going an hour ] 
Did you cut your finger ] 

Is he a tailor ] 

A walk in Broadway. 

What a delightful morn- 
ing ! 

What a crowd of omni- 
buses ! 

What a pity the streets 
are not kept clean ! 

There are carriages of 
every description, gay- 
dressed gentlemen and 
lovely ladies, among 
news-boys, apple-wo- 
men and emigrants 
from all parts of Eu- 
rope. 



Faites-yons beaucoup de 

meprises 1 
Combien de milles faisons 

nous a I'heure ? 
Yous etes-vous coupe le 

doigt ] 
Est il tailleur ?(1) 
Une promenade dans 

Broadway. 
Quel(2) beau matin. 

Quelle foule d' omnibus 1 

Quel dommage que lea 
rues ne soient pas fe- 
ni(£s propres. 

y oila des voitures de tout 
genre, des messieurs 
elegants et de jolies 
dames, parmi des mar- 
chands de journaux, 
des marchandes de fruit 
et des emigrans de tou- 
tes les parties de I'Eu- 
rope. 



1. Est-il tailleur. In speaking of trades and professions 
the article is omitted. II est nSgociant 8^c. He is a mer« 
chant &c. 

2. Quel. The article is not used after Qnd, 



252 



CONVEllSATIONAL. 



Let us go on the fashion^ 
able side. 

They are pulling down 
the old Citj-Halljust 
to give employment to 
the poor. 

Look at that group of 
gentlemen on the steps 
of the Astor House. 

A police officer is sta- 
tioned on that corner 
to help the ladies 
across the street. 

Are you going shopping"? 

I am only going to buy a 
dress for Mrs. L. 

Look at that gentleman 
with the i\xls8 musta- 
chos, and Shanghai 
coat. 

He thinks the ladies must 
be all in love with him. 



Passons du cote a la mode. 

On abat I'ancien Hotel 
deVille. C'estpour(l) 
employer les pauvres. 



Vojjez ce tas de Messieurs 
devant I'Astor House, 
(2.) 

Un agent de police est 
poste a ce coin, pour 
aider les dames a tra- 
verser la rue. 

AUez-YOM^ acheter quel- 
que chose % 

Je vais seulement acheter 
une robe pour Mme. L. 

Voyez ce Monsieur avec 
de fausses moustaches, 
et avec un surtout a la 
Shanghai. 

II se figure que toutes les 
femmes sent amour- 
euses de sa personne. 



1. Pour is used for to when it means, in order to, for the 
purpose of. 

2. Noted public buildings generally retain tbeir original 
names, it is so also ^dth streets. As also in English, in speak- 
ing of Paris, we say the Rue St. Honore, les Champs Ely- 
Eees, I'Eglise Notre Dame, &c. 



co:^^nERSATIONAL. 



253 



You can form some idea 
of New- York in Broad- 
way. 

What a number of fine 
buildijigs have sprung 
up in the last two 
years. 

Yes, and such a number 
of splendid hotels. 

You ought to see the ele- 
gant mansions up town. 

Aunty ! how do you sell 
your oranges? 

Let us go in here and 
take some ice-cream. 

What a fine saloon ! 

They are making money. 

There is the Broadway 
Theatre ! 

Who is the principal ac- 
tor there now"? 

The rents are very high 
in this street. 



On pent se faire une idfe 
de New- York dans 
Broadway. 

Quelle quantite de jolis 
batimens s'y(l) elevent 
depuis deux ans ! 

Oui, et un tel(2) nombre 
d*h6tels superbes. 

Yous devriez visiter les 
elegantes habitations 
en haut de la ville. 

Bonne femme ! combien 
vendez'wows vos oranges? 

Entrons ici, et jjvenoTis 
une creme a la glace. 

Quel joli cafe ! 

On gagne de Fargent la. 

Voila le theatre de Broad- 
way! 

Quei-est Facteur favori 
actuellement ? 

Les loyers sont tres-ele- 
ves(3) dans cette rue 



1. y, there, placed before the verb, except in the im- 
perative affirmative. 

2. Un tel nombre. When tel is accompanied by a noun the 
article must be before instead of after it. 

3. ElcvSs, Passive past participles follow the rule of 
adjectives. 22 



254 



COin^ERSATIONAL. 



The sidewalks are crowd- 
ed with people, and the 
pavement is thronged 
with vehicles. 

Let us take the stage to 
the Battery. 

The stages are all full. 

Driver ! stop at the cor- 
ner of Fulton-street. 

Are you going to the 
opera to-night *? 

How elegantly those la- 
dies are dressed. 

Let us cross over. 

Will you take something? 

Thank you ! I have just 
taken a Gin-sling with 
Mr. A. a Sherry-cob- 
ler with Mr. B. a 
Whiskey-skin with Mr- 
C. and a Brandy-smash 
with Mr. D. 

You surprise me ! 



Les trottoirs sont converts 
de monde, et le centre 
est rempli de voiturea. 

Prenons(X) I'omnibus jus- 

qu'a la Batterie. 
Les voitures sont touted 

pleines. 
Conducteur! arr^tez au 

coinde " Fulton -str." 
Allez'\ovi^ a T opera ce 

soir? 
Avec quelle elegance ces 

dames sont habillees! 
Passons de Tautre cote, 
Voulez-You^ prendre quel- 

que chose? 
Merci ! je viens de prendre 

un " Gin-sling," avec 

Monsr. A. un "Sherry- 

cobler " avec Mons'r. 

B. un "Whiskey-skin'* 

avec Mons'r. C. et un 

"Brandy-smash " avec 

Mons'r. D. 
Vous m'etonnez ! 



1. Preiions. The first person plural of the imperative 
always ends in ons. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



^ 



'Cood bye, till I see you 
again. 

AT THE tailor's. 

I want a coat. 

Let me see the journal of 

fashion. 
There's an elegant coat ! 

Yes, hut I think the 
sleeves rather of ex- 
aggerated length. 

Take mj measure. 

I believe you have my 
measure. 

Yes, but I should be hap- 
py to measure you 
again. 

I want my coat the day 
after to-morrow, at 
seven in the evening. 
I am going to a party. 

I don't know whether I 



Au revoir. 

CHEZ LE TAILLEUR, 

J'ai besoin (1) d'un habit. 
F'aiteS'inoi voir le joumnl 

des modes. 
Voila un habit qui a de 

Telegance. 
Oui, Seulement j'en a 

trouve les manches 

d'une longueur un peu 

exageree. 
Prenez ma mesure. 
Je crois que vous avez ma 

mesure. 
Oui, mais je serais bien 

aise de vous mesurer 

de nouveau. 
J'ai besoin de mon habit 

apre's-demain (2) a sept 

heures du soir ; je vais 

en soiree. 
Je ne sais^ si je pourrah 



1. Bescin. There is no verb in French signifymg to want 
Avoir hRsoin de, to have need of, is used. 

2. Apres-demain^ avant-hier, the dav after to-morrow, the 
day before yesterday. 



256 



C0NVEKSATI0NAI4. 



shall be able to get it 
finished so soon ; I am 
very much behind hand 

I can't help that ; I must 
have it. 

It will inconvenience me 
considerably, but I 
will do anything to 
please you. 

You are a very nice fel- 
low. Good morning ! 

Excuse me Sir ! 

At your service. 

1 am very short, and have 
a heavy payment to 
make ; could you oblige 
me ... . 

My good fellow ! don't 
say a word to me about 
money to-day. Times 
are hard, and I lost 
five hundred dollars 
yesterday. 



I'avoir fini sitot ; je suis 
tres-en arriere. 

Pen m'importe ; il me le 
faut. (1) 

Cela me genera (2) beau- 
coup; mais je ferai 
tout pour vous satisfaire 

Vous etes un charmant 
gargon. Bon jour ! 

Fermettez^ monsieur. 

A votre service. 

Je suis fort gene, et j'ai 
un fort paiement a 
faire^ pourriez-voixs 
m'obliger . . . 

Mon cher, (3) ne me par- 
lez pas d'argent au- 
jourd'hui. Les temps 

sont durs, et j'ai perdu 
hier cinq cents doL 
lars.(4) 



1. II me le faut, I want it. II me lefaudra, I shall want it. 
B me lefaudrait, I should want it, or must have it. 

2. Gener, to annoy, inconvenience, trouble, &c. 

3. Mon cheVf literally, my dear, is very commonly used fa 
miliarly in French. 

4. Doilarsy is commonly used in speaking of American 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



257 



Yes Sir, as you observe, 
times are hard, and I 
am greatly embarrassed 

I wouid'nt offend you for 
the world, but . . . 

Reallyj I can do nothing 
for you at present. 

Could'nt you give me a 
note ; you would do 
me a great service. 

At three months. 

How much do I owe you? 

Eight hundred and fifteen 

dollars. 
That's a heavy sum, only 

think, that for two 

years . . . 
My good fellow, all I 

wish to think about is 

being well dressed, and 

forget the rest. 



Oui monsieur, comme 
vous le dites^ les tempg 
sont durs, et ma geno 
est extreme. 

Je ne 1^0 ?^(iraz5 pour rien ( 1 ) 
au monde vous ofFenser 
mais . . . 

Reellement, je nV ^92m 
rien pour le moment. 

Ne pourriez vous me don- 
ner un billet a ordre ;(2) 
ce serait me rendre un 
grand service. 

A trois mois de date. 

Combien vous dois-je ? 

Pluit cent quinze dollars. 

C'est une forte somme, 
songez, que depuis 
deux ans . . . 

Mon cher ! je ne (3) veux 
songer qu'a etre Men 
mis^ et oublier le reste. 



money, piastre for a Spanish dollar, and €cu a five-franc piece 
or French Dollar. 

1. Pden, The negative pas must not be used with rien 

2. Billet d ordre, note of hand. 

3. Nt before the verb, and que after, mean only. Ex. Je 
ne vols qu-un, I only see one. 



258 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



I shall be obliged to you 
to recollect that in 
three months . . 

Don't forget jour prom- 
ise, the daj after to- 
morrow at seven 
o'clock. 

You can depend on me, 

EXPRESSIONS, SHOWING 
SOME PECULIARITIES OF 
IDIOM AND CONSTEUC- 

noN. 
Whose house is that 1 

It is his. 

It was theirs. 

It would be ours. 

He stole my straw hat. 

Which one? 

That one or this one ? 



Je vous serai bien (1) 
oblige de vous rappei- 
er (2 ) que dans trois 
mois . . 

Ne me manquez pas de 
parole ; apres-demain 
a sept heures. 

Yous pouvez-coTiieT sur 
moi. 

EXPRESSIONS, DEMONT* 
RANT QUELQUE DIFFE- 
RENCES d'idiosies ET 

DE C0NSTRUCTI017, 

A qui(3) appartient cette 

maison ? 
C'est(4) la sienne. 
C'etait la-leur. 
Elle serait la notre. 
II a vole mon chapeau de 

paille. 
Lequel 1 
Celui-ci ou celui-Ia? 



1. Bien is generally p]ace<l before ohligt. 

2. Rappeler, to remind, se rappeler, to recollect. 

3. Qwi, must not be confounded with que; the former ia 
always the subject, the latter the object. 

4. C^est, Ce is used when apai't from the noun to mean it, 
whether the it be masculine or feminine 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



259 



Is your father sick ? , 

Did your sister come 1 

Nobody told me so. 

I am very cold. 

She was very thirsty. 

It was cold yesterday. 

To be right and to be 
wrong. 

I am right and they are 
wrong. 

You are not afraid, are 
you? 

Have you anything good 
to eat ■? 

I am going to have some- 
thing good to drink. 

What's the matter 1 

"What's the matter with 
you? 

There is nothing the mat- 
ter with me. 

My brother's horse is 
dead. 



Votre pere, est-il malade? 
Yotre soeur, est-elle ?;e- 

•nue ? 
Personne(l) ne me Tci dit, 
J'ai bien froid. 
Elle avait bien soif. 
II faisait froid hier. 
Avoir raison et avoir tort. 

J'ai raison et ils ont tort. 

Vous n'avez pas peur; 

n'est-ce pas? 
Avez-vous quelque chose 

(2) de bon a manger? 
Je vais avoir quelque 

chose de bon a h-oire, 
Qu'est-ce qu'il y a ? 
Qu' avez-vous ? 

Je n'ai rien. 

Le cheval de mon frere 
est morU 



1. PersonnSf being a iie<?ative, pas does not follow the 
verb. 

2. Quelque ckose, something, when relating to an adjec- 
tive must be followed by the preposition de. 



260 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



I will give her (or him) 

some. 
I will send it to you. 
Give me some of it. 
Don't let him go away 

without giving him 

son:;e. 
Send I'im some. 
Give it to me. 
Pay artention to it. 
Go and tell him to come. 
I am going home. 
I am at home. 
Thou art at home. 
He is at home. 
We are at home. 
You are at home. 
They are at home. 

They n-iH be at my bro- 
ther's. 



Je lui en(l) donnerai. 

Je vous reyiverrai. 
Donnez-m'en, 
Ne le laissez pas partir 
sans lui en donner. 

EnvoyeZ'hA en. 
Donnez-le moi. 
Faites-j attention. 
Allez lui dire de venir, 
Je vais chez moi. (2) 
Je suis chez moi. 
Tu est chez toi. 
II est chez lui. 
Nous sommes chez nous* 
Vous etes chez vous. 
Il£(or elles) sont chez eux 

(or elles.) 
lis seront chez mon frere. 



1. IalI en. En is always placed immediately before the 
verb, Ihe personal pronouns preceding it, except when the 
verb is in the imperative affirmative Ex. itf'e/i, lui ew, i'en, 
*'ew, nciis en, 8fc. Imperative affirmative, lui-en, vous-en, Sfc. 
luij vous, 8{c, conaing next after the verb. 

2. Chez moi. A la maison may be used for chez moif 
diez vous, Sfc. 



CONVERSATIONAIh, 



261 



I have a great mind to 

blow out my brains. 
He has more money than 

wit. 
Quite as many eggs, but 

fewer apples and less 

cheese. 
I have a few segars left. 

Have you neither knives 

nor forks. 
Give him a little more. 

He had only two dollars. 

How much do you want. 
He gave me no bread, 

plenty of money, and a 

little cheese. 
Tour father, mother and 



J'ai grande envie de me 

bruler la cervelle. 
H a plus d' argent que 

d' esprit. 
Tout autant d'oeufs, mais 

moins de pomme3(l) 

et moins de fromage. 
il me reste quelques ci- 

gares. 
N'avez-vous ni couteaux 

ni fourchettes ? 
Donnez-lui en encore un 

peu. 
H n'avait que(2) deux 

piastres. 
Combien en voulez-YOViS^, 
II ne me donna point de 

pain, beaucoup d'argent 

et un peu de fromage. 
Monsieur (3) votre pere, 



1. Moins de pommes. The preposition only is used be- 
fore a noun following adverbs of quantity, moins 8fc. 

2. N^avait que. Ne before the verb, and que after, sig- 
nify only. 

3. Monsieur. In speaking to a gentleman or lady, of his 
or her father, mother, sister, brother, husband or wife, the 
title should precede (as above.) In speaking of a lady or 
gentleman present, the simple title is used, Monsieur, Ma- 
dame, Mademoiselle, 



262 



CONVERSATEOi^AI.^ 



sister came this morn- 
ing. 

I have paid for my cow. 
Did you ask for a glass 

of wine ? 
You did it first-rate. 

What do you wanti 

If I must, I will go. 

How much is that house 
worth ? 

They are not worth it. 

I am going up stairs. 

He is going down stairs. 

Go up stairs. 

Come down stairs. 

Let me alone. 

Will you take a drink ? 

How far is it from Lon- 
don to Bristol '? 

How far are you going 
by the steamboat 1 

N05 I won't. 



Madame votre mere, ei 

Mile, votre soeur sont 

venus ce matin. 
J'ai paye(l) ma vache. 
Avez-vous demande(2) im 

verre de vin ? 
Yous Tavez fait, comme 

il faiiL 
Que vous faut-il ? 
S'il le faut, firai, 
Combien cette maison 

vauUQ}A(i 1 
lis ne le valent pas. 
Je vais en haut. 
II va en has. 
Montez. 
Descendez. 

Laissez-moi tranquille. 
Voulez-Yous hoire un coupl 
Quelle distance y a-t-il 

de Londres a Bristol 1 
Jusqu'ou allez-YOu^ par 

le bateau-a-vapeur. 
Non, je ne veux pas. 



1. Payer, to pay for. No preposition must be used with 
payer Payer une chose, to pay /or a thinof. If you -pay for 
or instead of to a person, the preposition must be used. 

2. Demander, to ask /or. 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



26S 



As far as Germany or 

England. 
They say (or it is said,) 

we shall have war. 
I am to meet him at four 

o'clock, because he 

owes me money. 
Where does he live ? 
Get it done. 
Get your shoes mended. 

I cannot get any. 

I shall get through by 

daylight. 
It is getting dajk. 
Put on your boots, and 

put out the candle. 
Put out your hand. 
Whose dog is that ? 
Whose hens are these ? 
Did 1 tell you so ? 
You were before the door 

before dinner. 



Jusqu'en (1) AUemagne 
ou en Angleterre. 

On dit^ que nous aurons 
la guerre. 

Je dois le voir a quatre 
heures, parcequ'il me 
doit de Fargent. 

Ou demeure-t-il t 

Faites (2) Affaire. 

Faites raccommoder vob 
souliers. 

Je nQ puis pas m'en pro- 
curer. 

Je finirai avant la nuiL 

II commence hfaire nuit, 
Mettez vos bottes, et eteig- 

nez la chandelle. 
Etendez la main. 
A qui est ce chien f 
A qui sont ces poules f 
Est-ce queje vous Vsiiditf 
Vous etiez devant (3) la 

porte, avant diner. 



1. Jiisque Id, up to there, as far as that, as far as there. 
Jusqii'ici, hitherto, as far as this, as far as here. 

2. Faites-le faire. Get mu^t be interpreted in a variety 
of ways in French, according to its signification in English. 
In the conversations many examples are given, 

3. Devant refers to place ; avant j to time. 



264 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



He knows tliat I know 

liim. 
Do you diink Coifee or 

Tea? 
He is either a Frenchman 

an Englishman, or a 

tailor. 
If you want money, call 

on me. 
If you go out, I will stay 

at home. 
Send for him. 
I will send for the tailor. 

Send him away. 
Wash your hands. 
Then I am deceived. 
Pie has cut his finger. 
You will repent it. 
Let us take a walk. 
It is time to get up. 
1 have the tooth-ache. 
He has the head-ache. 
My finger hurts me. 
Don't hurt him (or her.) 
You may apply to . . . 



II salt que je le connais, 

PreneZ'Yous du cafe ou 
du the ? 

II esfc Frangais, An- 
glais, ou tailleur. 

Si vous avez besoin d' ar- 
gent, passez chez moi. 

Si vous sortez, je reste^l) 
a la maison. 

Envoy ez le chercher. 

J^enverrai chercher le 
tailleur. 

RenvoyeZ'lQ, 

Lavez-vous les mains. 

Alors, je me suis trompe. 

II s^est coupe le doigt. 

Vous vous en repentirez* 

Allans nous promener. 

II est temps de se lever. 

J'ai mal aux dents. 

II a mal a la ttte. 

Le doigt me fait mal. 

Ne luifaites pas de mal. 

Vous pouvez vous adres- 
ser a . . . 



1. Je teste. Here the present is used for the future, as ig 
very common in French. 



CONVERSATIONAI^ 



265 



Is that yours 1 

It is not liis. 

Is there anybody at home] 

There is nothing in this 

room. 
Don't go away before 

dinner. 
What is become of him ? 
This coat does not fit me. 
I kicked him. 

I have not heard of it. 

Have you heard from 

him? 
Let me hear from you. 

How long is it since you 

saw him ? 
He is just gone away. 
It has just struck twelve. 
Mr. what's his name ] 



Est-ce a vous 1 

Ce n'est pas a lui (le sien.) 

Y a-t-il quelqu'un a la 

maison ] 
H n'y a- rien dans cette 

chambre. 
Ne vous en allez pas avant 

diner. 
Qu'est-il devenu? (1) 
Get habit ne me va pas. 
Je lui ai donne un coup- 

de-pied. (2) 
Je n'en ai pas entendu 

parler. 
Avez-vous re9u des ses 

nouvelles ? 
Donnez-moi de vos nou- 
velles. (3) 
Depuis quand Tavez-vous 

vu ? 
H vietit de s'en aller. 
Midi viBnt de sonner. 
Monsieur, comment s'ap- 

pelle-t-il 1 



1. We say in French, " what is he become." 

2. Coup de pied, a kick ; coup de fusil, a gun shot; coup d6 
poing^ a blow with the fist, &c. 

3. Jiecevoir des nouvelles de, to hear from. 

23 



266 



cokversatio:nai* 



Mr. such a one. 
I can get a living. 
When you come, bring 

your children and bring 

some candies. 
Take this cow to maj'ket. 

Take this book to the 

hotel. 
Take these pills. 
He was looking at me. 
I transact a good deal of 

business with him. 
Don't meddle with other 

folk's business. 
That does not concern 

you. 
Mind your own business. 

What do you do with 
yourself? 

My partner is much bet- 
ter. 



Monsieur, un teL 

Je j^uis gagner ma Tie. 

Quand vous viendrez^sxnof 
nez(l) vos enfans, et 
apportez des bonbons. 

Menez cette vache au 
marche. 

Apportez ce livre a I'hd- 
tel. 

Prenez ces pillules. 

H me regardait. 

Je fais beaucoup d'af- 
faires avec lui. 

Ne vous melez pas des af- 
faires d'autrui. 

Cela ne vous regarde pas* 

Faites attention a vos af- 
faires. 

De quoi vous occupez- 
vous? 

Mon associe se porte 
beaucoup mieux. 



1. Amener, to brinsr, v/hen you mean a pereon accompa- 
Dying you. Amener un enfant, to bring a child (who is able 
to walk.) Mener une vache, to bring a cow. Apporter un 
fromage, to bring a cheese. 



CONVEKSATIOKAL. 



267 



You had better let him 

alone. 
Are you agreed ? 
Don't make fun of me. 

Do you fancy I am jok- 
ing? 

Are you using it 1 

I shall use my dog this 
afternoon, 

I called on you this 
morning. 

I can't get rid of it. 

Come near the fire. 

Don't get too near it. 

I recollect having heard 
you speak of it. 

We always sell cheap. 



Yousferiez mieux de le 

laisser tranquille. 
Etes vous d' accord ? 
Ne vous moquez(l) pas 

de moi. 
Yous imaginez-vous que 

je badine ? 
Yous en servez-x ous 1 
Je me servirai de mon 

chien cet apres-midi. 
J'ai passe chez vous ce 

matin. 
Je ne puis pas m'en de-* 

faire, (2) 
Approchez(3)-vous du 

feu. 
Ne vous en approchez pas 

de trop pres. 
Je me rapelle(4) de vous 

en dvoir entendu par- 

ler. 
Nous vendons toujours a 

bon mai^he. 



1. Semoqucr dequelqu'un, to ridicule or laugh at any one. 

2. 8e defaire de, to get rid of. DSfaire, to undo 

3. S'approcher de, to approach or get near to. 

4. Se ravpeller de^ to recollect. 



268 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



I am delighted to make 
your acquaintance. 

He hoards up all his mo- 
ney. 

I wanted it badly, but I 
don't cai'e about it now. 

Practice makes master. 

Do as you like, I leave it 
to you. 

He turns everything to 

account. 
You look pale. 
She was well dressed. 
I sat up all night. 
It was out of my reach. 
Remember me kindly to 

your sister. 

Present my compliments 
to your father. 

Put that off till to-mor- 
row. 



Je suis charme de fam 

votre connaissance. 
II serre tout son argent 

J' en avals grand en vie, 
mais je ne m'en soucie 
(1) pas a present. 

A force de forger, on de- 
vient forgeron. 

Faites comme vous vou- 
drezj je m'en rapporte 
a vous. 

11 fait tout valoi7\(2) 

Vous avez Tair pale. 
Elle etait bien mise» 
J'ai veille toute la nuit. 
C etait hors de ma portee, 
Faites bien des amities de 

ma part a Mile, votre 

soeur. 
Pre'sentez mes compli- 

mens a Mons'r. votre 

pere. 
Bemettez'^) cela a demain* 



1. Ne s^en soucie-r pas, not to care about it. 

2. Valoir, ti) be worth, to be valuable. 

3. RemeUre, to remit, to put off. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



269 



Take care you don't fall. 

He takes great care of 
his horse. 

My window looks into 
the street. 

Throve it out of the win- 
dow. 

Are you a judge of horses? 

You had better run away. 

That is not worth while. 
I live in the country. 

I have only two dollars 

left. 
I am froino; to ride there 

on horseback. 
I don't care which. 
Are you angry with me ? 

George the 4th, Henry 
the 2nd, and William 
the 1st. 

What's to be done ? 



Prenez garde de tomber. 
II soigne(l) bien son che- 

val. 
Ma fenetre donne sur la 

rue. 
Jetez-le par la fenetre. 

Etes-vous connaisseur en 

chevaux ? 
Yous /m6'^ mieux de vous 

sauver. 
Ce n'est pas la peine. 
Je demeure a la cam- 

pagne. 
II ne me reste que deux 

piastres. 
Je vais y aller a cheval. 

Ce la m'est egal. 

Etes vous fache(2) contre 

moi? 
George quatre, Henri 

deux, et Guillaume 

premier. 
Que •/aire ? 



1. Soigntr SiJid. prendre garde, observe, have two very dif- 
ferent meanings, to take care of, and to guard against 

2. Fdch6, vexed, angry, sorry. 

23* 



270 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



He died of tlie fever. 

I can't afford it. 

He enjoys good health. 

How kind you are ! 
This lake is 70 feet deep. 

How high is this room. 

Go ahead ! 
Stick to it. 
I can do without it. 
The sun shines. 



II est mort de la fievre. 
Je n'en ai pas les moyens. 
II jouit(l) d'une bonne 

sante. 
Que vous etes hon 1 
Ce lac a soixante-dix 

pieds dc profondeur. 
Combien cette chambre 

a-t-elle de haut? 
Enavantl(2) 
TeneZ'YQu^ a eel a. 
^Q puis m'Qn passer.(3) 
II fait soleil. 



-"•> 



DETACHED SENTENCES, TO EE OFTEN HEAD, PKO- 
NOUNCED AND REPEATED. 



He speaks broken French. 
He speaks it better than 

he understands it. 
You must talk French 

often. 



II ecorche(4) le Fran^ais. 
II le parle mieux qu'il ne 

(o) le comprend, 
II nous faiU souvent par- 

ler frauQais. 



1. Joidr de, to enjoy. The preposition de must accom- 
pany joc/ir. 

2. En avanty Napoleon's favorite order. 

3. Sb passer d^une chose, to do Avithout a thing. 

4. Ecorciicr, to flvi!i. 

5. Mieux qita. After a comparative, one negative before 
the foil wing verb. 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



271 



I am afraid of making 
mistakes in speaking. 

It is the most useful lan- 
guage one can learn. 

I have never had a mas- 
ter. 
He is a thorough French 

scholar. 
The rain will soon be 

over. 
It snows in big flakes. 
It is a hard frost. 
It is bad walking. 
The rain has laid the 

dust. 
Are jou afraid of getting 

wet? 
I am afraid of spoiling 

my clothes. 
Let us stop under shelter 

till the rain is over. 



J'ai peur (ou je crains) de 

faire des fautes en par- 

lant. 
Cest la langue la plus 

utile(l) qM' on puisse ap» 

p7^endre, 
Je n'ai jamais eu de mal- 

tre. 
II sait le frangais a fond. 

La pluie cessera bientdt 

(ou passera.) 
II neige a gros flocons. 
Cest une forte gelee. 
II fait mauvais marcher. 
La pluie a abattu;2) la 

poussiere. 
Craig neZ'YOus de vous 

mouiller ? 
J'ai peur de gater mes 

habits. 
Restons a convert jusqu'^ 

ce que la pluie soit 

passee. 



1. La plus utile. After the superlative, one negative be- 
fore the follovvhig verb. 

2. Abattu, the object oi abattu is after it, it therefore re- 
mains unchanged. 



272 



CONYERSATIONAL. 



How hot it is ! I am in a 
bath of sweat. 

Come and see me at dusk. 

The season is very back- 
ward. 

He and I are going to the 
play this evening. 

How old should you take 
him to be ? 

You were sound asleep, 
when I came in. 

To-morrow I shall sleep 

in the open air. 
The judge fell asleep. 
I av/oke at six o'clock. 

Wake me up early. 

You had put your stock- 
ings on inside out. 
My garter is untied. 

That hat becomes you. 

These gloves are pairs. 



Qu'il fait chaud ! Je suis 

tout en nage. 
Venez me rozV sur la brune. 
La saison est bien retardee 

Lui et moi, nous allons ce 

soir au spectacle. 
Quel age lui donneriez- 

vous? 
Yous dormiez profonde- 

ment, quand je suis en- 

tre. 
Je coucherai demain a la 

belle etoile. 
Le juge s'est endormi. 
Je me suis reveille a six 

heures. 
Reveiilez-moi de bonne 

heure. 
Vous avez mis vos bas h 

Ten vers. 
Ma jarretere s'est de- 

nouee (ou defaite.) 
Ce chapeau vous coifFe(l) 

bien. 
Ces deux gants vont en- 
semble. 



1. Coiffer^ refers only to the head. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



273 



This coat must last you 

a year. 
His coat is worn out. 
She is fitting on a dress. 
Nothing but a biscuit. 
My stomach is clear, (or 

empty.) 
Boiled eggs. 
The water does'nt boil 

yet. 
It only simmers. 

Had I known of your 
coming, I would have 
provided something 
else. 

Make haste and get your 
ticket. 

Mend me a few pens. 

I will write to him by to- 
day's mail. 

How much does the 
whole amount to ? 

Look over your lesson. 



H faut que cet habit vous 

serve un an. 
Son habit est use. 
Eile essaie une robe. 
Eien(l) qu'un biscuit. 
J'ai Testomac vide, (ou 

creux.) 
Des oeufs a la coque % 
L'eau ne bout pas encore. 

Elle ne fait que de fre- 

mir.(2) 
Si j'avais su que vous dus- 

siez venir^ j'aurais fait 

preparer quelque chose 

de plus. 
Prenez vite votre bulletin. 

Taillez(3)-moi quelques 
plumes. 

Je lui ecmai par le cou- 
rier de ce jour. 

A quoi (se) monte (ou s'e- 
leve) le tout ? 

Repassez votre legon. 



1. Rien que, only. 

2. Frernir, to quake, shudder, simmer. 

3. TailleTf to cut, prune. 



m 



COKTERSAHONAL, 



at 



Slow at workj slow 
meat. 

He loafs about all day, 

I cannot succeed in 
threading my needle. 

She has knit stockings. 

She is a lovely dancer* 

To keep time. 

To be out of time. 

Did you swim across the 
river. 

He plunged into the wa- 
ter. 

Let us play at drafts. 

Let us begin another 
game. 

I beat him five games. 

He keeps a gambling- 
house. 

If he could only let us 
know it. 



Lent a table, lent a tout^ 

n flane toute la joumee, 

Je ne puis re\issir(l) a en- 
filer mon aiguille. 

Elle a tricote des has. 

Elle danse a ravir, 

Garder la mesure. 

Sortir de la mesure, 

Avez-vous passe la riviere 
a la nage ? 

H s'elan9a dans Teau. 

Jouons aux dames. 
Commengons une autre 

partie. 
Je lui(2) ai gagne cinq 

parties. 
II tient une maison de jeu. 

S'il pouvait seulement 
nous le fa{7r(S) savoir. 



I 



1, R6ussir, followed by d before another verb. 

2, Lui, is here the indirect object of the verb. 

3, Nous lefaire. When two or more pronouns precede 
e verb, me te, se, nous, vous, come first, then le, la, les 8; y 
before en, which latter always comes last, immediately j>re- 
cedin.sj the verb ; except in the imperative affirmative, when 
these pronouns come after; le, la, les, first; moi, m\ after* 
nous, vous, S^c. preceding y and en. Ex. Donnez-m^en. K*** 
dez-vousy. Passez-Urtnoi. 



CONVimSATlONAI,. 



275 



I 



He meddles with every 
thing. 

He looks just like it.' 

He is full a head taller 
than I. 

Ever so little. 

As little as possible. 

That's just as I like it. 

This meat rises in my 
stomach.. 

Let the coffee settle. 

He has packed up his 
things. 

Be off. 

It is not prudent to tra- 
vel after sun-set. 

Take a peep through all 
the rooms, so as not to 
forget any thing. 

Gentlemen, your trunks, 
valises, portmanteaus, 
your parcels, and all 
your effects, must be 
taken to the custom- 



II se mele de tout. 

H en a bien la mine. 

II est plus grand que moi 

de toute la tete. 
Tant soit pen. 
Si peu que rien. 
C'est de mon gout. 
Cette viande me revient 

Laissez reposer le cafd. 
11 a emballe ses effets. 

Decampez. 

H n'est pas prudent de 
voyager apres le cou- 
cher du soleil. 

Donnez un coup d'oeil 
dans toutes les cham- 
bres, afin de ne rien 
oublier. (1) 

Messieurs, il faut trans- 
porter a la douane vos 
malies, vos valises, vos 
porte-manteaux, vos 
paquets, et tous vos ef- 



1. Ne rien oublier. 
infinitive. 



Both negatives must jjrecede tha 



276 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



house to see if there's 
any contraband. 

Shall we get in with the 
tide '] 

I suffer exceedingly. I 
am going to be sick ; 
give me the basin. 

Its the effect of sea-sick- 
ness; that should not 
make you uneasy. 

The smell of the tar 
makes me feel squea- 
mish. 

This horse is badly shod. 

This horse has lost his 

shoes. 
Lead the horse to the 

blacksmith's and have 

him shod immediately. 
I cannot afford to be at 

so much expense. 
He spends more than his 

income. 
How much does that 

stand you in ? 



fects, pour voir s'il n'y 

apoint de contrebande. 
Entrerons-nous avec la 

maree ? 
Je souffre extrement, je 

vais vomir, donnez-moi 

le vase. 
C'est reflect du mal-de- 

mer, (1) cela ne doit 

pas vous inquieter. 
L'odeur du goudron me 

fait mal au coeur. 

Ce cheval est mal ferr^ 

(2.) 
Ce cheval est deferre, 

Menez le cheval chez le 
marechal et faites-lQ 
referrer sur-le-champ. 

Je n'ai pas les moyens de 
faire tant de d penses. 

II depense plus que son 
revenu. 

A combien vous revient 
il? 



1. Mal-de-mer, sea sickness. 

2. Ferrer un cheval^ to shoe a horse. 
, horse-shoe. Don't say Soulier, 



Un fer-de-cheveU 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



2T7 



At any price. 

I bought it at the lowest 
price. 

Trade is slack. 

I bought it at auction. 

I made a good bargain. 

You can buy some cheap- 
er elsewhere. 

What will you give me 
in exchange ? 

I don't overcharge you. 

How much do you want? 

One of his friends is se- 
curity for him. 

I will be security for him. 

He is solvent. 

I pay cash. 

Fay off your debts. 

I will pay you in ad- 
vance. 

I don't owe him any- 
thing. 

Would you lend me some 
money ? 

I should degrade myself 
by answering you. 

He lowered himself to 



Coute que coute. 

Je Fai achete au plus baa 

prix. 
Le commerce ne va pas- 
Je I'ai achete a Tencan. 
J'ai fait un bon marche. 
Vous pouvez en acheter 

ailleurs a moins. 
Que me donnerez-voua 

de retour % 
Je ne vous surfais pas. 
Combien vous en faut-ilt 
Un de ses amis lui sert de 

caution. 
Je repondrai de lui (ou 

pour lui.) 
H est solvable. 
Je paie comptant. 
Acquittez vos dettes. 
Je vous paiei ai d'avance. 

Je ne lui dois rien. 

Me preteriez, vous de 1» 

argent ? 
Je m'avilirais, en vous re- 

pondant. 
II s'est avili a un tel de- 



24 



'278 



CONVERSATIOXAL. 



BTich a degree, that .... 
He is always swearing. 

Did one ever see such an 
insolent fellow! 

You are very narrow 
minded. 

How stupid you are ! 

I will lower your pride. 

Pie is not as witty as his 
brother. 

She has some queer no- 
tions. 

All that amounts to noth- 
ing. 

It is not at all like mine. 

It might be better. 

He pretends to take an 

interest in you. 
I don't trouble my head 

about that. 
It costs him nothing. 
That is good for nothing. 
To seek one's living. 
Go and get mine. 



gre que .... 

II blaspheme toujours (ou 
sans cesse.) 

Vit-on jamais un tel in- 
solent 1 

Yous avez I'esprit bien 
borne (1). 

Que vous etes bete ! 

J'abaisserai votre fierte. 

n n'est pas aussi spirituel 
que son frere^ 

Elle a des fantasies singu- 
lieres. 

Tout cela n'aboutit h rien. 

Ce n'est pas du tout 

comme le mien. 
Cela pourrait etre mieui. 
II pretend s' interesser a 

vous. 
Je fais peu de cas de cela. 

Cela ne lui coute rien. 
Cela ne vaut rien. 
Chercher sa vie. 
Allez chercher le mien. 



1. Borne implies a limited intellect. 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



279 



I am looking for an hon- 
est man. 

Fortune smiles on him. 

I hope he won't forfeit 
his word. 

Don't fail to do it. 

He is not to be believed, 
I omitted that by mistake 

(or inadvertently.) 
He is become bankrupt. 
He has failed. 

If I am successful in bu- 
siness, according to my 
expectations. 

m bet two to one. 

What do you bett 

He didn't lose by the ex« 
change. 

You will lose nothing by 
it. 

He lost his place, (or si- 
tuation.) 

He will lose the money 
he owes me. 

He never wins at gam- 
blinifo 



Je cherche un honn^te 

homme. 
La fortune lui souriU 
J'espere qu'il ne man* 

quera pas a sa parole. 
Ne manquez pas de le 

faire^ 
H est de mauvaise foi. 
J'ai omis cela par megarde 

(or par inadvertance.) 
H Q^fait banqueroute. 
II afailU (manque or fait 

faillite. 
Si les affaires reussissent 

selon mes desirs. 

Je parie deux contre un. 

Qu'avez-vous parie ? 

II n'a pas perdu au change 

Vous n'y perdrez rien. 

H a perdu son emploi (ou 

sa charge ) 
II perdra Targent qu'il 

me doit, 
Je ne gagne jamais au jeu. 



280 



CONVEFvSATIONAI^ 



I shall get nothing bj it. 

I have recovered what I 
had lost. 

He has won his law-suit. 

That's for his pocket- 
money. 

You could live less ex- 
pensively, or more eco- 
nomically. 

She is an excellent house- 
keeper. 

We shall easily be able to 
get through the crowd. 

Those ladies are very 
nicely dressed. 

I am just come from a 
concert. 

She keeps her bed. 

She easily takes cold. 

She was taken ill yester- 
day. 
She cannot recover. 

She has always some- 
thing the matter with 
her. 



Je n'y gagnerai rien. 
J'ai regagne ce que j'avaig 

perdu. 
H a gagne son proces. 
C'est pour ses menus plai- 

sirs. 
Yous 2wurriez vivre d'une 
maniere moins couteusej 
ou a moins de frais. 
C'est une excellente me- 

nagere. 
Nous pourroTis aisemeni 

percer la foule. 
Ces dames sont fort bien 

rnises, 
J'arrive d'un concert. 

EUe garde le lit (ou est 

alitee.) 
Elle s'enrhume facile- 

ment. 
Elle est tombee malade 

hier. 
Elle nepeut pas se remettre 

(ou se retablir.) 
Elle a toujours mal quel- 

que part. 



What's tbe matter with 

your eye 1 
I have an awful cold. 
How hoarse you are ! 
Fm half dead. 
Eating too much is inju-. 

rious. 
Did he feel his pulse? 
How do you get on ? 

She is fainting. 

He has the gout in his 

hand. 
He is regaining his 

strength. 
He Yfon't live through 

the winter. 
He is very tall of his age. 

He is the oldest (son.) 
She is the youngest. 
It's no good looking. 

Did you send for me ? 

I am going to fetch them. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 281 

Qu'avez-vous a I'oeil ? 



J'al un terrible rhume, 
Comme vous etes enrouel 
Je suis a. moitia mcrt. 
Trop manger fait mal. 

Lui a-t-il tate le pouls ? 
Comment cela vous ra-t- 

il? 
EUe s'evanouit. 
II a la goutte a la main. 

II reprend ses forces. 

II ne passera pas Thiver. 

II est bien grand pour 

son age. 
II est Faine'. 
Elle est la cadette. 
Yous avez beau(i) cher- 

cher. 
M'avez-vous envoye cher- 

cher? 
Je vais les aller chercher. 



1. Avoir heau, CHimot be trars'afed literally, but means 
to attempt a thing w-thuut any prospect of success 

24* 



282 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



She puts everjtliir.g top- 

sy-turvej. 
Get out of my place. 
Get out of my sight. 

Put it aside. 

Where did you put them ? 

Lock that up. 

I always carry a little 

money about me. 
They are worn so now. 

Carry this book always 

with you. 
We will send you all of 

it, (or the whole.) 
Send them to me, now 

and then. 
Don't fail to send it to 

me. 
That impoverishes the 

country. 
You will be reduced to 

want. 
You Vv'ill be ruined, if you 

don't take care. 
He is on the vero;e of ruin. 



EUe met tout sens dessus- 

dessous. 
Otez-vous de ma place. 
Otez-vous de devant mes 

yeux. 
Mettez'le de cote. 
Ou les avez-vous poses ? 
Serrez cela. 
Je porte toujours un peu 

d'argent sur moi. 
On les porte ainsi a pre- 
sent. 
Fortez ce livre toujours 

avec vous. 
Nous vous enveiTons le 

tout. 
U/ivoi/ez-les-WiOij de temps 

en temps. 
Ne manquez pas de me 

Venvoijer. 
Cela appauvrit le pays. 

Vous serez reduit h la mi- 
sere. 

Vous serez ruine', si vous 
n'y ]orenez garde. 

II est tout pr.-s d'etre 
mine. 



CONVERSATIONAL: 



283 



He owes you a grudge. 

Don't be oiFended with 
me. 

His face is pitted with 
the small pox. 

She is not bad-looking ; 
she is tolerably good- 
looking. 

He is a queer fellow. 

He is a bad fellow. 

All that relates to the 
religion, morals and 
laws of the country 
should be the principal 
object of inviolable re- 
spect. 

Politeness adds to the 
most trifling social 
communications a var- 
nish of modesty and 
grace. 

You do everything with 
such a good grace, that 
it is impossible to re- 
fuse you anything. 



H vous en vent(l). 
Ne m'en voulez pas. 

II a le visage marque de 

petite verole. 
Elle n'est pas mal; elle 

est assez bien. 

C'est un drole de corps. 

C'est un mauvais sujet. 

Tout ce qui tient a la re- 
ligion, aux bonnes moe- 
urs, aux lois du pays, 
doit etre principale- 
ment Tobjet d'un re- 
spect inviolable. 

La politesse repand sur 
les moindres communi- 
cations soeiales un ver- 
nis de modestie et de 
grace, 

Vous faites tout de si 
bonne grace, qu'il est 
impossible de vous rien 
refuser. 



1. En vouloir d quelqu'un to owe any one a grudge, or be 
offended with apeuson (rather spitefully.) 



284 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



Gentlemen make your- 
selves at home. 

Really, if you want a 
box of good Havana 
segars, you must go to 
205 Water-street, cor- 
ner of Fulton-street, 
New- York. 



FaiteSj Messieurs, comme 
si vous etiez chcz vous, 

Reellement, si vous vou- 
lez une boite de bons 
cigares de la Plavane, il 
faut aller a 205 Water 
street, au coin de Ful- 
ton-street, New-York. 



EXMPLES OF THE APPROPRIATE USE OF TENSES. 



INFINITIVE. 



Eating, drinking and 
sleeping are his sole 
occupations. 

He is fond of smoking, 
chewing and snufF-tak- 
ing. 

Without going to see you, 

Afler having lived in the 
city, to be obliged to 
live on pork and beans. 

To take care and to take 
air, to break a dog and 
to break a glass are 
quite different. 



Manger, hoire et dormirj 
voila toutes ses occu- 
pations. 

II aime a fumer, chiquer 
et priser. 

Sans aller vous voir, 
Apres avoir demeure en 
ville, d'etre oblige de 
se nourrir de pore et 
de haricots. 
Prendre garde et prendre 
Fair ; dresser un chien et . 
casserun verre, sont des 
choses bien diiferentes. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



285 



Going to London. 

Seenig that his life was 
at stake. 

Not having any, and not 
knowing where to get 
any. 

On arriving in New- 
York. 

The appetite comes in 
eating. 

On getting up. 

In washing one's self. 



PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 

En allant a Londres. 
Voyant qu' il risquait sa 

vie. 
N'en ajant pas, et ne sa- 
chant ou en prendre. 



En arrivant a New- York. 

L'appetit vient en man- 

geant. 
En se levant. 
En se lavant. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



PRESENT TENSE. 



I always speak to him, 

when I see him. 
I will give you eighteen 

cents a pound for it. 
If you . do that, I will 

leave you. 
He reads, writes, and 
speaks French correctly. 
He is always walking, 

running or jumping. 



Je lui parle toujours, 

quand je le vols. 
Je vous en donne dix- 

huit sous la livre. 
Si vous faites cela, je vous 

quitte. 
H lit^ ecrit et parle le fran- 

9ais correctement. 
II marche, court ou saute 

toujours. 



tm 



COKVEESATIONAX. 



IMPERFECT. 



I was Studying my French, 
whilst you were asleep* 

He wrote every day. 

We were waiting for you, 
. You met him very often 
when you were in Lon- 
don. 

lliey were there when I 
was here* 

I seldom went to the 
theatre* 



J'e'tudiais mon frangais* 
pendant que vous dor^ 

H ecrivait tous les jours« 
Nous vous attendions. 
Vous le rencontriez tres- 

souventj quand vous 

etiez a Londres, 
Us etaient la, pendant 

que j'etais ici, 
J^allais rarement au the4- 

tre. 



PERFECT DEFINITE. 



{Principally historical.) 



He crossed the river and 
routed the Austrians. 

He came, he saw, he eon* 
quered* 

He made his will, 

Kapoleon gave wine to 
his soldiers, and told 
them not to get intoxi- 
cated. 



II traversa la riviere et 
derouta les Autrichiens. 
n vint, il vit^ il vanquit. 

]ljit son testament. 

Napoleon donna du vin 
a ses soldats, et leur dii 
de ne pas s'enivrer. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



287 



FUTURE. 

When JO a see him, he 
will paj you. 

Shall I see you to-mor- 
row'? 

I will go and he will 
come. 

They "v^dll set sail to-mor- 
row. 

The steamer will arrive 
on Wednesday next. 

We shall not want any. 



Quand vous le verrez, il 

vous paiera. 
Yous verrai'je demain 1 

J'irai, et il viendra. 



lis mettront a la voile de- 

main. 
Le "Vapeur" arrivera 

Mercredi prochain. 
Nous n'en aurons paa be- 

soin. 



CONDITIONAL. 



He would not go, were I 

to give him a hundred 

dollars. 
You should have told me 

so. 
I would not sell it at any 

price. 
I wouldn't mind going 

with you. 
How should you like to 

live with her % 
I wouldn't have said that. 



II n^ trait pas, quand meme 
je lui donnerais cent 
piastres. 

Yous auriez du me le drre. 

ele ne le vendrais a aucun 

prix. 
J^irais bien avec vous. 

Comment aimeriez-vous 

vivre avec elie I 
Je n'aurais pas dit cela. 



288 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



I3IPERATIVE. 



Go away ; don't eat any. 

Don't tell me any un- 
truths. 

Snuff the candle, blow 
your nose and don't 
make a noise. 

Put on the kettle, stir the 
iire and lay the table 
cloth. 

Don't shut the door, but 
open the window and 
go to the Post office. 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Unless you do it. 

Provided he live till to- 
morrow. 

I must get my watch 
mended. 

In order that you may 
not be too late. 



Allez-YOus-en; n'en man- 

gez pas. 
Ne me dites pas de men- 

songes. 
Mouchez la chandelle(l); 

mouchez-vous et ne 

faites pas de bruit. 
Mettez le pot au feu, re- 

muez le feu et mettez la 

nappe. 
Ne fermez pas la porte, 

mais ouvrez la fenetro 

et allez a la Poste. 

PRESENT.(2) 

A moins que vous ne le 

fassiez. 
Pourvu qu'il vive jusqu'a 

demain. 
II faut que je fosse rac- 

commoder ma montre. 
A fin que vous ne soyez 

pas en retard. 



1. Moucher la chandelle, to snuff the candle. ' Se moucher 
[reflected verb] to blow one's nose. To snuff (take snuff) 
priser, 

2. The subjunctive is always dependent, and preceded by 



que» 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



289 



Must I be condemned to 

live with her 1 
Whether he be king or 

"cobbler. 



Faut-il que je sois con- 
damn 8 a vivre avec elle. 
Qu'il soit roi ou savetier. 



SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERFECT. 



He would have been ob- 
liged to do it. 

Would you like him to 
give you some. 

I should like very much 
for you to see it. 



11 aurait/a/Z« qu'il le fit 

Voud7iez-you3 qu'il vous 

en donnat ? 
Je voudrais bien que vocis 

le vissiez. 



There is a tense called '^ the perfect anterior,'* 
not much in use, and seldom, if ever required. 

Ex. Apres que je Vai eu acJiete^ after 1 had pur- 
chased it. It appears intended to add certainty to a 
fact, and render it more absolute. 

The compound tenses, as 1 have before stated, of- 
fer no difficulty, as they are all composed of the 
tenses of the auxiliary verbs etre and avoh\^ followed 
by the past participle of any other verb. 

The Perfect indejimte is the past ■ tense, most in 
use, to express the English Perfect definite, viz : I 
ate, saw, did, went, flew, drank, &c &c. expressed in 
French by, I have eaten, seen, done, gone, fled, drunk 
&c. &c. J^ai mange, vu, fait, (je suis alle, ) faij hu^ ^ 
AUer always conjugated vrith etre. 
25 



290 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



NEGATIVES. 



I will not give you a cent 
to spend in candies. 

Bj no means. 

I have never seen the 

North Pole. 
There was nothing burnt 

and no one drowned. 

You sha'nt have any at 

all. 
I saw nobody and nobody 

saw me. 
I coukVnt say. 
I can't do it. 
He spoke not a word. 
Did he not translate it 

into Latin? 
Will you never leave otT 

teazing me 1 
Won't you lend me five 

dollars? 
Has he taken nothing ? 
Did you never hear from 

him? 
Did nobody laugh ? 



Je ne vous donnerai pas 

un sou, pour depenser 

en bonbons. 
D' aucune maniere. 
Je n'ai jamais vu le Pole 

Nord. 
II n'y avait rien de 

brule, et personne de 

noye. 
Yous n'en aurez point du 

tout. 
Je n'ai vu personne, et 

personne ne m'a vu, 
Je ne saurais vous dire, 
Je ne puis lefaire, 
II ne dit mot. 
Ne I'a-t-il pas traduit e» 

Latin.. 
Ne cesserez-vous jamaia 

de m' embeter? 
Ne voulez-You^ pas me 

preter cinq piastres ? 
N'a-t-il rien pris f 
Ne vous donnait il ja« 

mais de ses nouvelles? 
Est-ce que personne n'a 

ris. 



CONVEKSATIONAL. 



291 



Have you no bread in r N'avez-vous point de pain 
the house ? dans la maison ? 



STJNDEIES. 



Your father and I are go- 
ing to the theatre this 
evening. 

The peaches that we were 
compelled to eat. 

The knives you wished 
to give me. 

Why don't you beg him 
to come and see her ? 

How very kind you are ! 

Bread and wine would do 
him good. 

I lack the means. 

Europe, Asia, Africa and 



Mon pere et moi, (1) nous 

allons au theatre ca 

soir. 
Les peches qu'il nous a 

fallu (2) manger. 
Les couteaux que vous 

avez voulu (3) me 

donner. 
Que (4) ne le priez-vous 

de venir la voir. 
Que vous etes bon ! 
Du pain et du vin lui 

feraient du bien. 
II me manque les moy- 

ens. 
L' Europe, (5) I'Asie, 



1. Moil pere et moi, nous. The pronoun must be repeat- 
ed here. 

2. Fallu. The participles of impersonal verbs never un- 
dergo any chang^e. 

3. Voulu. The object of this participle is donner and not 
couteaux ; it is therefore unchanged. 

4. Q/t5 is often used to signify why and how, (in a ques- 
tion o ]y.) 

0. L Europe. The names of countries must be preceded 
hy the ariicle : except. ng when after en. Ex. En Angleterre^ 
en Am6rique, &.c. 



292 



CONVEKSAHONAL. 



America, those are the 
countries 1 should like 
to live in. 

I have neither powder 
nor shot. 

Money, house and furni- 
ture, everything was 
burnt up. 

Courage ! my boys. 

Soldiers ! to arms. 

Are you the lady that 
dropped your hand- 
kerchief 1 

Yes, I am. 

Are you angry. Madam 1 

Yes sir, I am. 

This house is forty feet 

high. 
You are a head taller 

than I am. 



I'Afrique et TAmeri- 
que ; voila les pays que 
je voudrais habiter. 

Je n'ai ni poudre ni 
plom. (1.) 

Argent, maison et meu- 
bles, tout fut brule. 

Courage 1 mes enfans. 

Soldats ! aux armes. 

Etes-vous la dame qui a 
laisse tomber le mou- 
choir ] 

Qui, je la (2) suis. 

Etes-vous fachee, Ma- 
dame ? 

Oui, je le (3) suis. 

Cette maison a quaranto 
pieds de haut. 

Vous etes plus grand que 
moi de toute la tete. 



1. Ni poudre ni plorrib. The article is often omitted be- 
fore nouns, the extent of whose signification is undefinable. 

2. Je la euis. La here refers to lady, and must be femi- 
nine. It is rare to find a word understood in French. It must 
be expressed in some form or other. 

3. Je U suis. Here le refers to the adjective fachee, and 
is masculine, because no word can be changed to agree with 
an adjective, ♦ 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



293 



The houses of which you 
speak. 

Which do you choose ? 

This one or that one. 

I prefer the latter. 

What? Howl Wlien? 
Where? 

What are those women 
talking about 1 

Which women? 

Those who are going 
down the street. 

Of whom do you speak ? 

Of the lady you w^ere 
walking with. 

What a number of peo- 
ple ! 

I don't know what. 

Each one took a pear. 

Every one to his taste. 

Whatever efforts you 



Les maisons dont(l) vou3 
parlez. 

Lequel choisissez-vous? 

Celui-ci ou celui-la. 

Je prefere celui-ci. 

Quoi ? Quand ? Com- 
ment ? Ou? 

De quoi parlent-elleS; ces 
femmes ? 

Lesquelles 1 

Celles qui descendent la 
rue. 

De qui parlez-vous. 

De la dame, avec laquelle 
vous vous promeniez, 

Que(2) de monde ! 

Je ne sais(3) quoi. 
Chacun prit une poire. 
Chacun a son gout. 
Quelques(4) efforts que 



1. Dont of which, of whom, only used- as a relative and 
never to be^in a sentence. 

2. Que is used before a noun in an exclamation, to signi- 
fy, what a quantity, what a crowd, &c. 

3. Saxolr and poiwoir are sometimes used with only one 
negative to add to its force. 

4. Qiielqu2s. Remark the rifTerence betwee i nuvl ue the 
I ronoun and quelque the adverb, here it is a pronoun, and 
agrees with efforts. 25* 



J94 



CONVEESATIONAL. 



may make, you will 

not succeed. 
However they may be 

esteemed, they will not 

succeed. 
We ought not to think 

too much of ourselves. 
Give it to him or to her. 

Horses and dogs are his 
sole delight ; he thinks 
of nothing else. 

Sense without blood. 

A hundred felt it. 



vous fassiez, vous n'ar- 

riverez pas a temps. 
Quelque(l) estimes qu'ils 

soient, ils ne reussiront 

pas. 
On ne doit pas trap pen- 

ser a soi. 
Donnez-le a lui ou a elle 

(2.) 

Les chevaux et les chiens 
font tout son plaisir ; 
il ne songe(3) qa'a eux. 

Sens sans sang. 

Cent s'cn sont sentis. 



PROVEEBIAL EXPEESSIONS^ 

(^Liberal trarislations,) 

What's bred in the bone Tel chante le vieux coq, 



w^on't come out of the 
flesh. 
Don't reckon your chick- 
ens before they are 
hatched. 



tel le jeune chaiitcra. 

Ne ccmptez pas vos pou- 
lets avant qu'ils soient 
eclos. 



1. Qiielque. Hevt quelque is'an adverb, and consequent- 
ly unchangeable. 

2. A elle. The pronouns are uged with the prepo>:iiicn in 
indicatin»r or si gling out a person. 

3. Songer, to dream, to think, to ponder. Kot literally 
to dream when asleep ; ihtn river is used. 



CONVERSATIONAL. 



295 



Many men have many 

minds. 
Judge of a workman by 

his chips. 
A drowning man Tvill 

catch at a strav/. 

Empty hogsheads make 

the most sound. 
We must not put too 

much faith in outward 

appearances. 
Every man knovv^s where 

the shoe pinches. 
In trouble to be troubled, 

is to have one's trou- 
ble doubled. 
Many hands make light 

work. 
Every man has his chance. 



Pride comcth before de- 
struction, 

A stitch in time saves 
nine. 

All that shines is not 
gold. 



Vingt tetes, vingt avis. 

A Foeuvre on conndit 

Fouvrier. 
L'homme qui se noie, 

s'accroche a tout ca 

qu'il pait 
Les tonneaux vides ren 

dent le plus de son. 
Chacun n'a pas ses de- 

fauts ecrits sur son front. 

On ne j)eut sentir le poids 

dxi fardeau d'un autre. 
S'affliger de ses infor- 

tunes, c'est aj outer 1^^ 

fiel a 1' absinthe. 
A plasieurs mains, Fouv- 

rage avance. 
La fortune frappe au 

moins une fois a chaquo 

porte. 
L'orgueil marche clevant 

Fecrasement. 
Un point d'aiguillo h 

temps, en evite neuf. 
Tout ce qui brille n'est 

pas or. 



296 



CONVEESATIONAIv. 



A rev/ troom sweeps 
clean. 

Burnt cliihl dreads the 
fire. 

We r:v.:r;rt look a gift- 
he ''•."• in the mouth. 

Still -...v ler runs deep. 

Thar'- ihe bridge that 

ca- . . YOU safe over. 
Bird;:- (■-' a feather flock 

to ' r. 
Roll .;ne gathers no 

Out <.: . : ht, out of mind. 

Like 11 aster, like man. 
Better late than never. 

No 1 , : r pipe, no long- 
er '\. . 3. 

Bett( '^ 3 envied than 

Povei-j' :3 no sin. 
Misfb . t V, r cs never come 

sir.: 'a 
If wc \e a hard bed, 

we J : .1 lie on it. 



II n'y a rien tel que ba« 

lai neuf. 
Chat echaude craini Teau 

froide. 
A cheval donne, on ne 

regarde pas a la bouche. 
II n'y a pire eau que celle 

qui doi't 
Eemerclez la planche du 

naufrage. 
Qui se ressemble s' assem- 
ble. 
Pierre qui roule, n'amas- 

se pas mouesc. 
Loin des yeux, loin du 

cceur. 
Tel maitre, tel valet. 
Vaat niieux tard que ja- 
mais. 
Point d'argent, point de 

Suisse. 
II taut mieux /aire en\ie 

que pi tie. 
Pauvrete n'est pas vice. 
Un malheur arrive rare- 

ment seul. 
Comme on fait son lit, on 

se couche. 



CONVERSATIONAL, 



297 



Hunger knows no law. 

Where there's smoke 

there's fire. 
Man appoints and God 

disappoints. 
Idleness is the mother of 

all vices. 
A good appetite is the 

best sauce. 
God helps those that 

help themselves. 
Anything is better than 

going to law. 



Ventre aiFame n'a point 

d'oreilles. 
II n'y a point de feu sans 

fumee. 
L'homme propose et Dieu 

dispose, 
L'oisivete est mere de 

tous les vices. 
II n'est sauce que d'ap- 

petit. 
Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera, 

Un. mechant accommode- 
ment vaut mieux que 
le meilleur proces. 



ATTENTION! 

After having repeatedly read and pronounced 
the foregoing examples, (comprising so many varied 
forms, on such a medley variety of subjects,) I wish 
you particularly to analyze the sentences yourself, 
picking them to pieces, noting carefully their diffe- 
rent elements, and familiarizing yourself with their 
structure. By doing so, apparent difficulties will 
fade from your view, and you will shake off that 
false modesty which alone forbids so many thousands 



298 CONCLUSION. 

from expressing their ideas in a foreign tongue. 
Recollect, that by thoroughly understanding one sen- 
tence^ you are thereby made conversant ^vith a hun- 
dred. 

It would be well for you, after a third perusal of 
this little work, to procure a good dictionary, and 
some little easy French reading-book, such as " Ma- 
dame Barbauld's early lessons in French." The for- 
mer will be almost indispensable in your readings 
and compositions ; the latter will be easily under- 
stood, and will tend to impress on your memory a 
multitude of words with which you may have hith- 
erto had but a slight acquaintance. Read and pro- 
nounce a little before going to bed, that you may 
dream in French ; a little on getting up, that your 
dream may be stamped on your memory, and a little 
more at odd intervals of eniiui^ when you cannot or 
are disinclined to do anything else. Families, schools 
and societies might easily speak French among 
themselves, thus happily blending fun and frolic 
with French and Friendship. Never fear to ask 
questions, and especially make French the family 
tabl^-falk, thus airording to each an opportunity of 
corraeting and instructing his neighbor. Don't for- 
get to be ashamed of yourself, if, after thirty days 
from the date of your initiation, you should not 
know the French of well nigh everything you see. 

My method of teaching is copied from no one. I 
knoT/ not what term to apply to it. But this I know, 



CONCLUSION. 2&^ 

it has taught me the knowledge of' several languages, 
and that same knowledge I have conveyed to multi- 
tudes through the same channels. I believe it to be 
of Antediluvian origin, and can therefore at most, 
onlj claim it as a discovery, the first inventors hav- 
ing died before Noah was born ; a system peculiar to 
all ages, kindreds and tongues, and dictated by Na- 
ture herself. 

I might have presented my readers a bulky vo- 
lume, more refined in its contents, and less familiar 
and common-place in its style. Had I done so, I 
should have sinned against the light of knowledge 
and experience. 

The greater part of social conversation is sim- 
ple and common-place. At all events, here ice must 
begin, and once familiar with this, the rest is at our 
command. 

The fountains of knowledge are easy of access, 
and within the reach of all ; we can drink at our 
leisure, as deep as we please. In fine, a language 
may have been acquired, and we remain almc^st un- 
conscious how ice came to know it, or hov/ we could 
ever recollect so many words with so little appli- 
cation or study. 



800 PRONUNCIATION LESSON. 

PRONUNCIATION LESSON, 

Containing all the prominent sounds of the French 

language, to be often repeated aloud, and 

committed to memory at leisure, 

n y a environ un an, que voyageant en France, 
en compagnie de Monsieur A. (ce bon et simple 
jeune homme, que vous connaissez,) nous fumes te- 
moins d'un grand incendie, qui (entre autres ra- 
v^ages,) faillit detruire un tres-beau bois de sapins, 
oil un bon bourgeois de mes amis vivait au sein de 
sa famiile, dans une petite maison, qu'il y avait fait 
batir dans un coin. La, il passait son temps a cle- 
ver de magnifiques essaims d'abeilles, des pigeons et 
des pintades ; ainsi que deux beaux poulains, un che- 
val et un chien ; ils vivaient ensemble, mangeaieht, 
buvaient et etaient heureux. 

Ce malheureux, (a la vue du feu, qui mena9ait 
de tout bruler,) eprouva une telle peine, qu'il faillit' 
en devenir fou ; il demanda un pistolet, pour se bru- 
ler la cervelle ; et ce fut avec beaucoup de peine, 
qu'un pompier de New- York, (qui se trouvait la) 
parvint a lui oter un couteau, dont il chercbait a so 
percer le sein. 



TRANSLATION* 301 

TRANSLATION. 

About a year ago, when travelling in France, in 
company with Mr. A. (that kind-hearted simple 
young man, whom you know,) we witnessed a grand 
conflagration, which, among other ravages, was near 
destroying a very beautiful wood of fir-trees, where 
a good citizen of my acquaintance lived in the bosom 
of his family, in a little house that he had had built 
in a corner. There he passed his time in raising 
magnificent swarms of bees, pigeons, and Guinea- 
fowls ; also two fine colts, a horse and a dog ; they 
lived together, ate, drank, and were happy. 

This poor fellow, (at the sight of the fire, which 
threatened to consume everything,) was so shocked 
that he became almost mad. He asked for a pistol 
to blow out his brains ; and it was vdih great diffi- 
culty that a New- York fireman (who happened to 
be there) succeeded in wresting from him a knife, 
which he was about to plunge in his breast. 



302 



ADVERB* AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 



ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 

Adverhes et Phrases Adverhiales, 

In simple tenses the adverb is generally placed 
after the verb, and in compound tenses between the 
auxiliary and the verb. 



Here, 

There, 

Everywhere, 

Somewhere, 

Nowhere, 

That way. 

This way, 

Here and there. 

Somewhere else, 

Up stairs, 

Down stairs. 

Inside, 

Outside, 

Before, 

Behind, 

At home. 

Near, 

Far, 

Across and athwart, 

This side. 

That side, 

Aside, 



Ici. 

La. 

Partout. 

Quelque part, 

Nulle part. 

Par la. 

Par ici, 

Ca et la. 

Ailleurs. 

En haut. 

En bas. 

Dedans. 

Dehors. 

Devant. 

Derriere. 

A la maison. 

Pres. 

Loin. 

A tort et a travers. 

De ce c6te-ci. 

De ce cote-la. 

De cote. 



ADYEKBS AND A.DVEBBIAL PHRASES, 



To the right, 

To the left, 

Along, 

This day week, 

To-daj, 

Yesterday, 

The day before yesterday, 

Early, 

To-morrow, 

The day after to-morrow. 

Next year. 

Next winter. 

The next day, 

At daybreak, 

Alv/ays, 

Sometimes, 

Often, 

ISfever, 

Everytime, 

On purpose, 

Immediately, 

Soon, 

By and by. 

The sooner the better. 

Now and tlien, 

Once, 

Seldom, 

Once a day, 



A droite,^ 

A gauche, 

Le long de, 

D'aujourd'hui en huit, 

Anjourd'hui. 

Hier. 

Avant hier* 

De bonne lieure, 

Demain, 

Apres-demain, 

L'annee prochaine, 

L'hiver pro chain. 

Le jour suivant, 

A la pointe du jour. 

To uj ours. 

Quelquefois, • 

Souvent. 

Jamais, 

Toutes les fois. 

Expres. 

Sur-le-champ. 

Bientot. 

Tout a rheure, 

Le plus tot sera le mieu3i 

De temps en temps. 

Une fois. 

Harement. 

Une fois par jour. 



304 



ADVERBS AKD ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 



Now, 

A long while ago, 

Formerly, 

In a short time, 

Again, 

Every day. 

Every week, 

Lately, 

Then, 

Sooner or later, 

Over again, 

Willingly, 

In writing. 

By water. 

By land, 

On horseback, 

On foot, 

Nothing, 

Nothing at all, 

Once for all, 

Well, 

Badly, 

Worse, 

So much the worse, 

Worse and worse. 

Pretty well. 

Gently, 

Out of spite, 



A present. 

II y a long temps. 

Jadis. 

En peu de temps. 

Encore. 

Tons les jours. 

Toutes les semainea, 

Dernierement. 

Alors. 

Tot ou tard. 

De nouveau. 

Volontiers. 

Par ecrit. 

Par eau. 

Par terre. 

A cheval. 

A pied. 

Rien. 

Rien du tout. 

line fois pour toutes. 

Bien. 

Mai. 

Pis. 

Tant pis. 

De pis en pis. 

Assez bien. 

Doucement. 

Par depit. 



ADVERBS AND ADYEKCIAL PHRASES. 



305 



In spite of me, 

Bj mistake, 

By force, 

Better and better, 

Gratis, 

A little, 

Too much, 

Enough, 

At least. 

Once more, 

Longer, 

Less, 

The least. 

More, 

At most. 

More or less. 

Neither more or less. 

As if. 

Also, 

As, 

So, 

Only, 

Scarcely, 

On the contrary. 

Besides, 

At last, 

For the future. 

First, 



Malgre moi. 

Par megarde. 

Par force. 

De mieux en mieux. 

Gratis. 

IJn peu. 

Trop. 

Assez. 

Au moins. 

Encore une fois. 

Plus longtemps. 

Moins. 

Le moins. 

Pius. 

Au plus. 

Plus ou moins. 

Ni plus ni moins. 

Comme si. 

Aussi. 

Comme. 

Ainsi. 

Seulement. 

A peine. 

Au contraire. 

Outre cela. 

Enfin. 

A I'avenir. 

Premierement, 



306 



ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 



Together, 
Pell-mell, 
Upside down. 
Step by step, 
Little by little, 
Inside out, 
By halves. 
In part. 
Why? 
What? 
When? 
Where? 
How? 
Whence ? 
How much ? 
How many? 
How long ? 
How far ? 
Yes, 
No, 

Certainly, 
Apparently, 
No doubt. 
Indeed, 
On my honor. 
Not at all, 
Nor I either, 
By no means, 



Ensemble. 

Pele-mele. 

Sens dessus dessous. 

Pas-a-pas. 

Peu-a-peu. 

A rebours. 

A demi. 

En partie. 

Pourquoi? 

Quoi? 

Quand? 

On? 

Comment ? 

D'ou? 

Combien ? 

Combien? 

Depu's quand ? 

Jusqu' oil? 

Qui. 

Non. 

Certainement, 

Aparemment. 

Sans doute. 

Vraiment. 

Sur ma parole. 

Point du tout. 

Ni moi non plus. 

En aucune lagon. 



OP THE PAST PARTICIPLES, 307 

Not yet, Pas encore. 

Scarcely, Guere. 

Or else, Sinon. 

Perhaps, Peut-etre. 

In case, En cas que. 

OF THE PAST PARTICIPLES. 

The past participle of a French active (transi- 
tive) verb is changeable like the adjective, but under 
different circumstances ; as it only agrees vdih the 
direct object when preceding the participle in the 
sentence, and is unaffected by that object when in 
any other position. 

Ex. J^ai vu vingt Jiommes^ I have seen tv/enty 
men. Here the object homines is after the participle 
vu^ and consequently vu remains unaffected by it. 
But if I reverse the sentence and say : Les hommes 
quefai vus, the men whom I have seen ; then vus is 
made plural masculine, to agree in gender and num- 
ber with hommes. But you must be careful to un-* 
derstand whether the object be direct or indirect, 
as some sentences are not very clear to a beginner. 
But generally speaking, there is no difficulty. The 
passive participle or the participle following the 
verb etre, to be, agrees always with the subject. Ex. 
Elk est morte^ she is dead. La femme fut tuee^ the 
woman was killed. 

Participles of impersonal verbs undergo no 
change. 



308 



LIST OF PREFOSmONS. 



The participle present admits of no change ex- 
cept wben used as an adjective, in which case it fol- 
lows the rule of the adjective. ' 



LIST OF PEEPOSITIONS. 

Prepositions serve to connect ivords together and 
to show the relation between them. Ex. Une mai-' 
son de deux etages^ a two-storj house. // est dans la 
Cfyur^ he is in the yard. De and dans show the con- 
nection betv/een maison and etagesy and between il 
and cou7\ 



At, 


A, chez, en. 


Ir, 


Dans, en. 


Before, 


Avant, devant. 


Behind, 


Derriere. 


Among, 


Parmi. 


Tov/ards, 


Vers. 


On, 


Sur. 


•Under, 


Sous, pa,r dessous. 


After, 


Apres. 


Between, . 


Entre. 


During, 


Durant. 


According to. 


Selon. 


Besides, 


Outre. 


Against, 


Contre. 


Without, 


Sans. 


Except, 


Excepte. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 


For, 


Pour., 


By, 


Par. 


In spite of, 


Malgre. 


Through, 


Par. 


Respecting, 


Touchant. 


From, 


De. 


With, 


Avec. 


Across, 


A travers. 


Over, &c. 


Par dessus, &a 



m 



Prepositions are generally repeated before each 
noun, which they govern. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 



Conjunctions are used to unite the different 
branches of a sentence. 

LIST OF CONJUNCTIONS IN COMMON USE. 



Because, 


Car, parceque. 


Notwithst^inding. 


Pour tan t nonobstant. 


As, 


Comme. 


Then, 


Alors. 


And, 


Et. 


But, 


Mais. 


Neither, 


Ni. 


Nor, 


Ni. 


Or, 


Ou. 


Why, 


Pourquoi. 



®10 



INTERJECTIONS. 



Becaus^^ Parceque*! 

That, Que, 

Since, Puisque* 

Although^ Quoique^ 

If, Si. 

Besides, Outre. 
So that, ' En sorte que. 

Unless, A moins que. 

So that, Pour que. 

Provided that^ Pourvu que. 

In order that^ A Jin que. 

Before, Avant qu£. 

Not that^ Non pas que. 

In case, Au cos que. 

Supposing, Suppose que. 

Without, &c. Sans que^ &c. 
Those in italics govern the subjunctive. 

INTERJECTIONS. 
Ah ! Joj, pleasure, grief. 
Ha ! Astonishment, surprise, exhortation, fear* 
Oh ! Admiration surprise. 
Eh ! Grief. 
He ! In callings 
Ho ! " " 
Helas ! Grief. 
Ha! He! Fear. 
Fi ! fi done I Aversion. 
Ca ! Allons ! Courage ! To encourage. 
Chut! Paixl To command silence. 



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